Male infertility is a complex disease affecting the reproduction of childbearing couples, for which genetic polymorphism of spermatogenesis genes is an important genetic pathogenic factor. Lots of genes closely related with spermatogenesis have been successfully identified through the gene knockout technology. Spermatogenesis impairment related genes include those associated with expression enzymes, receptors, cell apoptosis, transcription regulation, and so on. The genetic susceptibility of these genes, infection, and environment jointly contribute to non-obstructive azoospermia and oligozoospermia in males. The analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of spermatogenesis impairment related genes helps explain the possible mechanism of pathogenesis at the molecular level, and provides theoretical evidence for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. The article focuses on the correlation of the SNPs of spermatogenesis impairment related genes with azoospermia and oligozoospermia.
Humans ; Infertility, Male ; genetics ; Male ; Oligospermia ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Objective:To prepare old tea buccal tablets using wet granulation method and optimize the preparation technology. Methods:The amount of each adjuvant was studied by single factor experiments, and the formula of the buccal tablets was optimized by the orthogonal experiments using taste and disintegration time as indices. Results:The optimal formula was composed of old tea ex-tract 30 g,mannitol 60g,PEG6000 20 g,aspartame 10 g,citric acid 10 g and menthol crystal 1 g. All the tested indices including ap-pearance, hardness and disintegration time met the requirements described in Chinese pharmacopeia. Conclusion: The preparation technology is reasonable and feasible for the industrial production.

Objective:To establish the quality standard for Sipunculus nudus polysaccharide. Methods:The water content, igni-tion residues and heavy metals in Sipunculus nudus polysaccharide were determined. Authrone-sulfuric acid colorimetry was used to de-termine the polysaccharide content. Results: The water content in the polysaccharide should not exceed 5. 0%, ignition residues should not exceed 1. 0%, and the content of heavy metals should not exceed 20 ppm. The polysaccharide content should exceed 80%( glucose) . Conclusion:The method is accurate and simple, and can be effectively used in the quality control of polysaccharide in Sipunculus nudus Linnaeu.

Objective To study the value of epidemiology-based mortality score,a novel scoring system,in in-hospital adult patients with status epilepticus (SE) for predicting mortality,and to compare it with the status epilepticus severity score (STESS).Methods The clinical and electroencephalography data of 54 adult patients with SE admitted from June 2013 to June 2016 were derived from a prospective SE database of Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The outcome was defined as inhospital death or survival at discharge.When the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were made,the area under ROC (AUC) and the optimal cutoff value were calculated.Fisher's linear discriminant function analysis was conducted with the outcome as dependent variable and the scores as independent variables.Results Among 54 patients with SE recruited into the study,13 (24.10 ％) died in the hospital.The ROC curve for prediction of in-hospital death based on the STESS had a AUC of 0.705with an optimal cutoff value for discrimination (best match for both sensitivity (0.77) and specificity (0.56) to be ≥ 3 points.The AUC based on the EMSE was 0.800 with an optimal cutoff value for discrimination (best match for both sensitivity (0.92) and specificity (0.61) to be ≥ 79 points.Three elements added in combination with EMSE system (etiology-age-comorbidity,EMSE-EAC) predicted inhospital mortality with the best match for both sensitivity (1.00) and specificity (0.56) as the optimal cutoff point was ≥32 points,and the AUC was 0.814.Four elements added in combination with EMSE system (etiology-age-comorbidity-EEG,EMSE-EACE) predicted in-hospital mortality with the best match for both sensitivity (0.77) and specificity (0.98) as the optimal cutoff point was ≥71 points with an AUC of 0.925.The AUC of EMSE-EACE was larger than that of both STESS and EMSE (Both P ＜ 0.01).Discriminant equations were found by Fisher linear discriminant analysis.The rates of accuracy of the equation for predicting patients' prognosis were 44.44％ (STESS),62.96％ (EMSE),70.37％ (EMSE-EAC) and 81.48％ (EMSE-EACE) respectively,suggesting that the equations of EMSE,EMSE-EAC and EMSE-EACE have superior stability.Conclusions The EMSE is an effective clinical scoring system that focuses on individual mortality.EMSE-EACE is superior over both STESS and EMSE in the prediction of inhospital death.

Objective To investigate the radioprotective effect of cimetidine on survival rate and hematopoietic system in acutely irradiated mice.Methods The total body irradiation doses were 6.0Gy and 8.0Gy respectively at 1.01Gy/min rate. Sixty healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, positive-drug (523) group and cimetidine groups (33.3mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 300mg/kg). Each group had ten mice. The mice were given intragastric administration of cimetidine for 6d before the irradiation in cimetidine groups, and 523 was administered before irradiation once a day for one day in 523 group, and at 5h after irradiation, was given again. The 30d survival rate after 8.0Gy irradiation was recorded. The peripheral blood cells, bone marrow DNA content and frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (fMNPCE) were determined 30d after 6.0Gy irradiation.Results After 8.0Gy irradiation, all the mice died on 21th day in model control group. The survival rates in cimetidine groups were 50%, 20% and 30%, respectively. After 6.0Gy irradiation on 30th day, compared with control group, the peripheral white blood cells (WBC) and bone marrow DNA content were decreased significantly (P<0.01,P<0.05) in model group, and fMNPCE was increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with model group, WBC was significantly increased in 300mg/kg cimetidine group (P<0.01). In cimetidine groups, the bone marrow DNA content was increased significantly after irradiation (P<0.01 orP<0.05), and the fMNPCE was decreased significantly (P<0.01 orP<0.05) and tended towards normal.Conclusion Cimetidine could improve 30d survival rate of acutely irradiated mice and has good protective effect on hematopoietic system.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effect and possible mechanisms of lute-olin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (LGU) against focalcerebral ischemic injury. METHODS The focal cerebral ischemic injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group,model group(MCAO),LGU group(0.24,0.72 and 2.16 mg·kg-1)and positive control group(Edaravone at 5 mg·kg-1).LGU was injected intravenously 30 min after MCAO.Neurological severity score,infarct volume and brain water content were detected 24 h after MCAO and the levels of Na+-K+ATPase,Ca2+ATPase,TNF-α and IL-1β were detected to explore the possible mechanisms.For the therapeutic time window test,LGU(0.72 mg·kg-1)was injected intrave-nously 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h respectively after MCAO. To evaluate motion behavior, LGU were injected intravenously 30 min after MCAO and once per day during detection period. The changes of motor coordination were detected by rotating rod method and grip strength analysis, and the changes of gaits were detected using DigiGait Imaging System. RESULTS LGU improved the neurological severity score, infarct volume ratio and brain water content. The therapeutic time window of LGU for cerebral infarction and brain edema was at least 6 h and for neurological dysfunction was 12 h.LGU also prolonged the latency on rotarod, increased the forelimb tension and improved 8 gait parameters, including stance duration,stride length,stance width,paw area,paw area variability,gait symmetry,ataxia coefficient and tau propulsion.Furthermore,LGU increased Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase levels in the cortex and hippocampus in the ischemic side,reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the serum. CONCLUSION LGU has a significant neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic injury via improving energy metabolism and reducing inflammation.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and mechanisms of luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide (LGU) on oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes injury. METH-ODS The protective effect of LGU on OGD-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes death were investigated by MTT assay. The microfilament change of H9C2 cardiomyocytes was detected by phalloidin staining and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage rate was also detected by LDH kit. In order to explore the possible mechanisms of LGU, ATP content, intracellular Ca2+fluorescent intensity and concentra-tion, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)and the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by ATP kit,CLSM(Fluo-3/AM probe),Ca2+kit,CLSM(JC-1 probe)and western blotting meth-od, respectively. RESULTS The inhibition of H9C2 cardiomyocyte survival rate inducedby OGD was improvedby pretreated with LGU in a concentrationdependent manner. The microfilaments injury as well as the increase of LDH leakage rate were also improvedby pretreated with LGU.The ATP content was significantly decreased,intracellular Ca2+fluorescent intensity and concentration were significantly increased and the MMP was significantly decreased 4 hafter OGD. LGU significantly reversed the de-crease of intracellular ATP content,the increase of Ca2+fluorescent intensity and concentration and the decrease of MMP.The release of cytochrome C,the expressionsof caspase-9 and caspase-3 in H9C2 cardiomyocytes were increased 16 h after OGD.LGUsignificantly inhibited the changes of these apop-tosis-related proteins. CONCLUSION LGU has a significant protective effect against OGD-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes injury through inhibiting calcium overload,increasing ATP content,improving mi-tochondrial function and inhibiting apoptosis.

Based on thermodynamic principle, the critical relative humidity of electrolytes is closely related to their solubility. The authors explored the relationship theoretically and calculated critical relative humidity of 21 electrolytes from their solubility in the light of Raoult's law and extended Wilson model. The results indicate that the critical relative humidity values calculated by Raoult's law can not accord with the reported ones and there is a systematic error in the high concentration range; while these calculated by extended Wilson model are comparable to the reported ones.
Electrolytes ; chemistry ; Humidity ; Models, Chemical ; Solubility

OBJECTIVETo study the infection status of Leptospira in rodents on Heixiazi island Heilongjiang province in 2011.

METHODSA total of 356 rodents were captured by night trap on the Heixiazi island from April to October 2011. The kidney tissue samples were collected by asepsis operation and the genomic DNA were extracted from them. Leptospira strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) amplification of the 482 bp 23 S rDNA gene. Fifteen PCR products selected by the month were purified and sequenced by the methods of Sanger dideoxy, the sequences then compared with other Leptospira strains in Genebank, and phylogenetic analyses were drafted by software Mega 4.0.

RESULTSAmong 356 rodents, the dominant species were Clethrionomys rutilus (39.3%, 140/356) and Apodemus agrarius (36.0%, 128/356). The infection rate of Leptospira was 11.0%, with 39 rodent samples detected positive. All the rodent species were infected except for Rattus norvegicus. The infection rate was 9.4% (12/128) in Apodemus agrarius, 12.9%(18/140) in Clethrionomys rutilus, 10.8%(7/65) in Microtus fortis Buchner. No significant difference was found between the infection rate and the species of rodents by chi square test(χ(2) = 1.92, P > 0.05). Among months, the infection rate was 5.6% (4/72) in May, 8.8% (5/57) in June, 12.8% (5/39) in July, 9.8% (5/51) in August, 33.3% (11/33) in September, 22.5% (9/40) in October,but no infection in April. There was significant difference in infection in different months (χ(2) = 32.92, P < 0.05). All the Leptospira in rodents on the Heixiazi island were in the same phylogenetic branch with a high similarity of 97.1%-99.6%, close with the Australia strain U90865 by the similarity above 96.3%.

CONCLUSIONLeptospira is probably prevalent in rodents on the Heixiazi island, and the phylogene of the strains were similar. The infection rate in rodents was significantly different in months but not in hosts.

Animals ; China ; Leptospira ; isolation & purification ; Leptospirosis ; prevention & control ; Murinae ; microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo summarize the experience of diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal lipoma.

METHODSThe clinical data of 34 patients with gastrointestinal (GI) lipoma from 1993 to 2007 were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSGI lipoma produced a variety of symptoms including gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, anemia, intussusception, and bowel obstruction. The diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) for GI lipoma was 93.8%. Twelve GI lipomas were resected under endoscopy, the remainder at laparotomy, partial resection, gastrectomy or enterectomy being performed. Twenty-eight cases were followed up from 1 month to 168 months. No recurrence and metastasis were observed except one case dying of gastric liposarcoma.

CONCLUSIONSEUS is an effective method for diagnosing GI lipomas. The treatment of GI lipomas is surgical resection, and endoscopic removal of GI lipomas is safe following the guidance of the present therapeutic strategy.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Endosonography ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Humans ; Lipoma ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies