PURPOSE: This study was done to describe level of knowledge and performance of pain management by nurses in general hospitals. METHODS: The study was conducted from August 1 to 28, 2014 with 141 nurses from a general hospital in B city. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient with SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: Average correct response rate for knowledge was 62.7%, indicating poor knowledge of pain management. Mean score for knowledge of pain management was 31.33+/-3.24 out of 50(general knowledge about pain 14.02+/-2.18 out of 20, knowledge on use of analgesics 9.21+/-1.97 out of 20, knowledge on analgesic classification 8.16+/-1.00 out of 10). Mean score for performance of pain management was 3.19+/-.44 out of 4. There was significant difference in knowledge of pain management by age. Performance of pain management differed significantly according to age and type of working unit. No significant relationship was found between knowledge and performance of pain management. CONCLUSION: These findings show that nurses who have good knowledge do not always have good performance of pain management. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new strategies to promote performance as well as continued pain management education to increase ability of nurses to manage pain.
Analgesics ; Classification ; Education ; Hospitals, General* ; Pain Management*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the questions in the hip and pelvis section of the Korean Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (KOITE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed all KOITE questions pertaining to hip and pelvis surgery between 2010 and 2014. A thorough analysis of the contents was performed after categorizing as tested topics, imaging modalities used, taxonomic classification, and recommended references. We also analyzed the scores of the hip and pelvis section of the KOITE. RESULTS: Seventy-five of five-hundred questions (weight, 15.0%) were related to the hip and pelvis. Trauma including fracture and dislocation (26/75, 34.7%) was asked more commonly than disease and basics. The description-only questions (65/75, 86.7%) were the most frequently asked. According to taxonomic classification, taxonomy 3 (decision; 39/75, 52.0%) was most frequently asked. Campbell's Operative Orthopedics (52/75, 69.3%) was the reference that covered most of the questions. CONCLUSION: This analysis of the hip and pelvis section of KOITE could be used for resident training programs in teaching hospitals.
Classification ; Dislocations ; Education ; Hip* ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Orthopedics* ; Pelvis*

OBJECTIVES: Delirium is commonly seen in clinical settings, and it can substantially influence the prognosis of patients. In this study, we investigated delirium with respect to its severity, classification and characteristics on each subtype. METHODS: Severity of delirium was examined in delirium patients, who were referred to the department of psychiatry in a general hospital for multidisciplinary treatment. After classification based on subtypes, factors influencing these aspects of delirium were examined. RESULTS: Among the 193 consultation-liaison patients referred to the department of psychiatry in a general hospital, 61 patients (31.6%) were diagnosed with delirium. Compared to patients in the non-delirium group, patients in the delirium group were older, had a shorter education period, and medical history of surgery. Among the delirium patients, the hyperactive subtype was found to be the most common (57.4%) and patients with the mixed subtype showed the highest severity score for delirium symptoms. In addition, the patient with the hypoactive subtype had a higher frequency of medical history of depression compared to those with the other subtypes. CONCLUSION: People with symptoms of hypoactive delirium can be misdiagnosed due to recurrence of depression, therefore, careful examination is required, particularly in patients with a history of depression.
Classification ; Delirium* ; Depression ; Education ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to make a comparison of motor function according to the age group after the rehabilitation management in poststroke hemiplegic patients. METHOD: We examined 23 cases of young age stroke with hemiplegia aged < or =50 years and 24 cases of old age stroke aged > or =70 years. Motor power of affected side was measured by Motricity Index (MI) and Trunk Control Test (TCT). Level of ambulation was determined by Massachusetts General Hospital Functional Ambulation Classification (MGHFAC). Scores of each scale at admission and reassessment were obtained after rehabilitation management to compare the level of motor function in each age group and according to the age group. RESULTS: Scores of MI, TCT and MGHFAC scale were significantly increased after rehabilitation management in each group. Although both groups differed regarding to those of MGHFAC, there was no difference for the increment of MI and TCT according to the age group after rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Both age group showed significant improvement of the motor function and ambulation level after rehabilitation management. Ambulation level improvement of younger patient was greater than that of older patients. However, there was no difference in the extent of motor function improvement of affected side according to the age groups.
Classification ; Hemiplegia ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Massachusetts ; Rehabilitation* ; Stroke* ; Walking

BACKGROUND: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are being recognized with increased frequency. In 1993, a report on 123 cases of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas diagnosed over a period of 32 years was published in Korea. Many changes on the concept of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas have been made, including classification and diagnostic criteria. The present study was conducted wherein a new survey on cystic neoplasms of the pancreas in Korea. METHODS: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas diagnosed over a period of 12 years, from 1993 to 2004 in 25 university hospitals throughout Korea were collected. They were classified according to the World Health Organization classification of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. RESULTS: A total of 1264 cases of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas were diagnosed. The diagnoses and frequencies are as follows: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, 499 (39.5%); mucinous cystic neoplasm, 318 (25.2%); serous cystic neoplasm, 232 (18.4%); solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, 192 (15.2%); cystic endocrine neoplasm, 11 (0.8%); lymphoepithelial cyst, 8 (0.6%); acinar cell neoplasm, 3 (0.2%); mature teratoma, 1 (0.1%). Increase in the annual number of diagnoses was evident. In intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm, a significant increase in mean age was seen in patients with malignant neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are diagnosed with increasing frequency in Korea, the most common being intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. In intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm, the grade of dysplasia increased with mean age, suggesting an adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
Acinar Cells ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mucins ; Pancreas* ; Teratoma ; World Health Organization

PURPOSE: To develop staffing levels for nursing personnel (registered nurses and nursing assistants) to provide inpatients with integrated nursing care that includes, in addition to professional nursing care, personal care previously provided by patients' families or private caregivers. METHODS: A time & motion study was conducted to observe nursing care activities and the time spent by nursing personnel, families, and private caregivers in 10 medical-surgical units. The Korean Patient Classification System-1 (KPCS-1) was used for the nurse manager survey conducted to measure staffing levels and patient needs for nursing care. RESULTS: Current nurse to patient ratios from the time-motion study and the survey study were 1:10 and 1:11, respectively. Time spent in direct patient care by nursing personnel and family/private caregivers was 51 and 130 minutes per day, respectively. Direct nursing care hours correlated with KPCS-1 scores. Nursing personnel to patient ratio required to provide integrated inpatient care ranged from 1:3.9 to 1:6.1 in tertiary hospitals and from 1:4.4 to 1:6.0 in general hospitals. The functional nursing care delivery system had been implemented in 38.5% of the nursing units. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that appropriate nurse staffing and efficient nursing care delivery systems are required to provide integrated inpatient nursing care.
Caregivers ; Classification ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Nurse Administrators ; Nursing Care* ; Nursing* ; Patient Care ; Tertiary Care Centers

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic consumption by adult patients at a single university hospital in Korea between 2001 and 2012. METHODS: We used the 2004 World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System definition of defined daily doses (DDD) per 1,000 patient-days to calculate the annual antibiotic consumption for 18 antibiotic groups. Chi-square linear-by-linear analysis was performed to evaluate antibiotic consumption trends for each group. RESULTS: Average annual antibiotic consumption during 2001-2012 was 644.6 DDD/1,000 patient-days (standard deviation, 33.3 DDD/1,000 patient-days). Although no statistically significant change was observed during the study period, consumption of first- and second-generation cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides was significantly decreased, while that of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenem, glycopeptide, linezolid, colistin, and quinolone increased significantly. CONCLUSION: The total amount of prescribed antibiotics did not change, but the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics increased during the study period.
Adult ; Aminoglycosides ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephalosporins ; Classification ; Colistin ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Korea ; World Health Organization ; Linezolid

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that nontuberculosis mycobacterium(NTM) isolates account for approximately 10% of patients with a positive Acid-Fast Bacilli(AFB) smear. Therefore, it is necessary to consider NTM pulmonary disease when such a positive test is encountered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the etiologies and clinical characteristics of patients with NTM pulmonary disease who had been treated at a national tuberculosis hospital. METHODS: The NTM isolates were recovered from the sputum or bronchial washing specimens submitted to a clinical laboratory of National Masan TB Hospital from August 2002 to July 2003. All samples were identified using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis method, which amplifies the rpoB gene. The patients were diagnosed with NTM disease according to the American Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: One hundred NTM isolates were recovered from 57 patients. Of the 100 isolates, M. avium complex(MAC) was the most common species, which was found 55%(n=55) of patients, followed by M. abscessus(n=25), and M. fortuitum(n=9). 26(45.6%) patients had NTM disease. Twenty-six (45.6%) patients had NTM disease according to The American Thoracic Society classification. The main organisms involved in NTM disease were MAC(n=19, 73.1%) and M. abscessus(n=5, 19.2%). The pathogenic potential was 67.9% in M. intracellulare and 41.7% in M. abscessus. The predictive factors related to NTM disease were a positive sputum smear (OR 6.4, p=0.02) and the isolation of either MAC or M. abscessus(OR 6.9, p=0.007). Fifteen patients(57.7%) were cured. There were no significant factors associated with the treatment success. CONCLUSION: There was a relatively high proportion of NTM disease in NTM isolates and the common species were MAC and M. abscessus. The predictive factors for NTM disease were a positive sputum smear and the isolation of either MAC or M. abscessus.
Classification* ; Hospitals, Chronic Disease* ; Humans ; Lung Diseases* ; Mycobacterium avium Complex ; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ; Sputum ; Tuberculosis*

PURPOSE: Since needle localization biopsy was introduced, it is widely performed for nonpalpable microcalcified breast lesions, but there are many controversies in determining the disease characteristics and guidelines of the biopsy for microcalcifications detected mammographically in the absence of any palpable mass. This study was designed to detennine the breast cancers according to microcalcification types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 91 patients, who underwent breast biopsies between January 1995 and June 1998 for only microcalcified lesions detected by mammography at the Department of Surgery, Korea University Hospitals. Microcalcifications were defined as calcifications less than 1.0 mm. The needle localization biopsy was performed only on patients who were found to have five or more microcalcifications. We classified the mictocalcifications into three types; casting type, crushed-stone-like type, and amorphous type. RESULTS: The mean age was 49 years (25 82 years). Sixteen patients (17.6%) among the 91 patients were diagnosed with the breast cancer; four (22.2%) of 18 patients with casting type, eight (21.6%) of 37 patients with crushed-stone-like type, and four (11.1%) of 36 patients with amorphous type microcalcifications. Breast cancers were more prevalent in casting and crushed-stone-like types than in amorphous types. There was no difference in the size of microcalcifiations between benign and malignant lesions 13.11+-10.89 rnm vs 13.13+-9.51 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The patients who have more than 5 microcalcifications clustered within 1 cm circle detected at mammographic evaluation, especially in case of casting or crushed-stone-like type, should be advised to have localization biopsy to detect early breast cancer.
Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Classification* ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Mammography* ; Needles

PURPOSE: Since fine needle localization biopsy has been introduced, surgeons can have performed biopsies for nonpalpable microcalcified breast lesions, but there are many controversies in determining the disease characteristics and guideline for biopsy with only the findings on mammography. This study was designed to determine the breast cancers according to microcalcification type. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 91 cases with only microcalcifications on mammography and with performing localization biopsies from January 1995 to June 1998 at department of surgery, Korea University Hospitals. We subdivided the type of microcalcifications into casting-type, crushed stone like-type and amorphous-type. RESULTS: The mean age was 49 years old (25-82 years). 16 patients (17.6%) among the 91 patients were diagnosed as the breast cancer. Four (22.2%) of 18 patients with casting type, eight (21.6%) of 37 patients with crushed stone-like type, and four (11.1%) of 36 patients with amorphous type microcalcifications were detected in the breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancers by mammographic microcalcificated breast lesions was more prevalent in casting and crushed stone-like types than amorphous types. The mean size of the benign and malignant lesions was 13.11+/-10.89mm, 13.13+/-.51mm, and there was no difference in the size of microcalcifiations between benign and malignant lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have had clustered microcalcifications of more than 5 within 1 cm circle in diameter on mammography should be undergone biopsies especially in case of casting or crushed stone-like type to detect early breast cancers.
Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Classification* ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Mammography* ; Middle Aged ; Needles