PURPOSE: This study was done to explore communication between nurses during preceptorship. METHODS: A qualitative study, using content analysis was conducted. Semistructured interviews were held with 10 nurses working in urban hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 226 significant statements were selected from the data and classified into 4 categories and 23 subcategories. Communication experiences of new nurses' own performance were responses to reproach - acceptance and apology, and unresponsiveness due to feeling small and uncomfortable; responses to questions - misanswer; responses to directions - unconditional acceptance. Communication experiences of new nurses' performance by nurse preceptors were kindness, stigmatization, talking behind one's back, criticism and reproach, impolite words, and emotional expression. Communication experiences of nurse preceptors's own performance were directives, sympathy, reproach, unkindness, authoritative strictness, and nonverbal expression: being cold, and lessening of tension. Communication experiences of nurse preceptors' performance by new nurses were response to criticism - recognition and apology for mistakes, evasion of responsibility, and excuses; responses to explanations-active acceptance, and difficulty with communication due to lack of comprehension. CONCLUSION: These results provide deep understanding of nurses' communication during preceptorship and should help in developing comprehensive education programs for preceptor nurses and new nurses.
Comprehension ; Education ; Hospitals, Urban ; Preceptorship* ; Qualitative Research ; Stereotyping

OBJECTIVETo determine the validity of the diagnostic evidence for deceased cases in hospitals.

METHODSAll information collected from medical records of the deceased cases in tertiary care health facilities was input into our database. Four diagnosis levels were determined based on level of diagnostic evidence: level I was based on autopsy, pathology or operative exploration, level II on physical and laboratory tests plus expert clinical judgment, level III on expert clinical judgment, level IV on postmortem assumptions. After the diagnostic evidence of each deceased case was reviewed by a panel of three experts, the diagnostic level of each diagnosis was determined.

RESULTSAmong the 2102 medical cases for verbal autopsy study, only 26 (1.24%) afforded diagnostic evidence for level III. Among the level III evidence-based cases of death, the major causes of death were cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and gastroenterological diseases. According to some special symptoms and medical histories, these cases could be diagnosed by comprehensive clinical judgment. Only one case met the criteria for level IV.

CONCLUSIONLevel I diagnostic evidence is hard to attain in China because of the traditional concept and economic restriction. The causes for 2101 deaths can be validated by level II or III diagnostic evidence.

This study is about the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in New Orleans' Charity Hospital during the years between 1834 and 1860. The Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph was founded in 1809 by Saint Elizabeth Ann Bailey Seton (first native-born North American canonized in 1975) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Seton's Sisters of Charity was the first community for religious women to be established in the United States and was later incorporated with the French Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul in 1850. A call to work in New Orleans' Charity Hospital in the 1830s meant a significant achievement for the Sisters of Charity, since it was the second oldest continuously operating public hospitals in the United States until 2005, bearing the same name over the decades. In 1834, Sister Regina Smith and other sisters were officially called to Charity Hospital, in order to supersede the existing "nurses, attendants, and servants," and take a complete charge of the internal management of the Charity Hospital. The existing scholarship on the history of hospitals and Catholic nursing has not integrated the concrete stories of the Sisters of Charity into the broader histories of institutionalized medicine, gender, and religion. Along with a variety of primary sources, this study primarily relies on the Charity Hospital History Folder stored at the Daughters of Charity West Center Province Archives. Located in the "Queen city of the South," Charity Hospital was the center of the southern medical profession and the world's fair of people and diseases. Charity Hospital provided the sisters with a unique situation that religion and medicine became intertwined. The Sisters, as nurses, constructed a new atmosphere of caring for patients and even their families inside and outside the hospital, and built their own separate space within the hospital walls. As hospital managers, the Sisters of Charity were put in complete charge of the hospital, which was never seen in other hospitals. By wearing a distinctive religious garment, they eschewed female dependence and sexuality. As medical and religious attendants at the sick wards, the sisters played a vital role in preparing the patients for a "good death" as well as spiritual wellness. By waging their own war on the Protestant influences, the sisters did their best to build their own sacred place in caring for sick bodies and saving souls. Through the research on the Sisters of Charity at Charity Hospital, this study ultimately sheds light on the ways in which a nineteenth-century southern hospital functioned as a unique environment for the recovery of wellness of the body and soul, shaped and envisioned by the Catholic sister-nurses' gender and religious identities.
*Catholicism ; Charities/*history ; History, 19th Century ; Hospitals, Religious/*history ; Hospitals, Urban/*history ; New Orleans

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate foot ulcer risk factors, foot care knowledge, and foot care practice in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHOD: One hundred fifty type 2 diabetic patients were in and out-patients in a large urban hospital. The data were collected using a self-report questionnaire, chart review and foot examination. The questionnaires were developed by the researchers through the experts consultation and literature review. High risk for foot ulcer was evaluated by peripheral neuropathy(PN), peripheral vascular disease(PVD), and prior foot ulcer. Foot risk scores(FRS) means numbers of present risk factors. RESULTS: 31.3% of subjects show 1 FRS, and 13.3% showed 2 FRS. Mean foot care frequency was 3.5 times per week. There were significant differences in foot care knowledge according to DM education (t=2.96, p=.004) and foot care education (t=3.65, p=.001). There were significant differences in the foot care practice activities according to duration of DM (t=3.48, p=.010) and educational levels. CONCLUSION: There were high proportion of foot ulcer risk among the patients. It is necessary to screen high risk foot ulcer patients and provide practical education for foot care practice of diabetic patients.
Education ; Foot Ulcer* ; Foot* ; Hospitals, Urban ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The electrocardiography was performed to the 95 patients(58 male, 37 female) with chronic anemia in Department of Internal Medicine, Busan City Hospital, Busan University Hospital, Busan paik Hospital In-Je Medical College, Busan korea between April 1978 and March 1981. The hemoglobin levels were 4 Gm%-10Gm%, and the symptoms such as dizziness, palpitation, weakness, and appetite loss were continued for 6 months or more. The results were as following: 1. The abnormal electrocardiographic changes were observed in 49 of the 95 chronic anemic patients. 2. Prolonged QTc interval was observed in 12(12.6%) of 95 cases, depressed ST segment in 48(50.5%), inverted T wave in 32(33.7%), LVH in 31(32.6%), low voltage in 5(5.3%), and Rt. B.B.B. in 5(5.3%). 3. In the Hb level of 4.0~5.9Gm% 20% of the total 95 patients revealed prolonged QTc interval, 86.7% depressed ST segment, 40% inverted T wave, 20% LVH, 6.7% Rt. B.B.B., in the Hb level of 6.0~7.9Gm 10.6% prolonged QTc interval, 39.3% depressed St segment, 42.9% inverted T wave, 39.3% LVH, 3.6% low voltage and in the Hb level of 8.0-9.9Gm% 11.5% prolonged QTc interval, 46.1% depressed ST segment, 27% inverted T wave, 32.7% LVH and 7.7% low voltage.
Anemia* ; Appetite ; Busan ; Dizziness ; Electrocardiography* ; Hospitals, Urban ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Korea ; Male

Since Dongboo City Hospital cares patients with medicaid and poor socio-economic status in large percentage, we analized all the newborns delivered at the hospital from 1984 to 1992 by their birth weights, gender, gestational age and their Medical Care System. We found our babies?mean birth weight was lower than National standard mean birth weight of 1975 and 1985 (published by KPA) and also lower than other reported studies. But the fact than mean birth weight has been increasing since 1990 is encouraging.
Birth Weight* ; Gestational Age ; Hospitals, Urban* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Medicaid ; Parturition*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study were to: (1) describe the individual characteristics, perceived health status, body image, and health promoting behaviors of staff nurses working in a metropolitan hospital and (2) determine the relationship of perceived health status, body image, and health promoting behaviors. METHODS: Data were collected from 311 staff nurses working at one of university affiliated hospitals using a self-administered questionnaire for perceived health status(SF 36 V2), body image(BAQ), and health promoting behaviors (HPLP-II) and using the report of year 2002 employee physical check-up results for health related characteristics. RESULTS: Most of nurses were within the normal range of BMI, total cholesterol, and liver enzymes but 42.2% had systolic BP above 120mmHg and 37.3% hemoglobin below 12g/dL. Although 96.4% of BMI score indicated 'underweight' or 'normal', 'feeling fat' showed the highest. Among health promoting behaviors the most frequently reported one was spiritual growth and the least one was engagement in physical activity. In the correlational analysis, health promoting behaviors had the positive relationships with perceived health status, vitality, mental health, attractiveness, strength and fitness (p=.000 - .004). CONCLUSION: These findings provide information that is relevant in designing interventions to enhance health promoting behaviors among nurses working in a hospital.
Body Image* ; Cholesterol ; Hospitals, Urban ; Liver ; Mental Health ; Motor Activity ; Reference Values ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Dementia has emerged as a leading public health problem with elderly persons and its early detection is important for treatment in curable cases. Although dementia screening tests are available, they are still complex and time consuming in practice and therefore difficult to use. Our goal was to validate the time and change(T&C) test, a simple, standardized method for detecting dementia in the elderly populations. METHODS: Participants were 59 patients aged 65 years or older at an urban hospital from November 1 to December 31, 2001. The time test evaluated the understanding of clock hands indicating 11:10, and the change test the ability making 1,000 Won from a group of coins consisting one 500 Won, seven 100 Won, seven 50 Won. T&C ratings were validated against a reference standard based on physician`s diagnosis. Test-retest reliability and inter-observer reliability were assessed. RESULTS: The T&C test had a sensitivity of 73.0%, specificity of 90.9%, positive predictive value of 93.1%, and negative predictive value of 66.7%. Test-retest and inter-observer agreement rates were 95% and 95%, respectively. The T&C test was not influenced by education. The time and change tests took a mean of 7.5 seconds and 19.6 seconds to complete respectively, and was acceptable to participants. When timed cut points were added, the T&C test had a sensitivity of 86.5%, specificity of 40.9% and test-retest and inter-observer agreement rates were 77.3% and 81.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The T&C test is a simple, accurate reliable, performance-based tool for detection of dementia in the elderly.
Aged* ; Dementia* ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Hand ; Hospitals, Urban ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Numismatics ; Public Health ; Sensitivity and Specificity

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the independent factors associated with the registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted between January and September 2015 at the academic ED in the tertiary urban hospital. The variables examined included gender, age, address, type of insurance, history of previous psychiatric disease, suicide methods, number of previous attempts, CES-D (The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), and disposition at ED. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify factors affecting the registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program. RESULTS: Overall, 331 suicides were investigated, 61 (18.4%) of which were registered in the post-suicide care program. Factors such as a intervention by psychiatric physician (OR: 3.287, 95%; CI: 1.207-9.624) and levels of depression by CES-D score of 16?24 (OR: 3.635; CI: 1.055-12.526) were significantly correlated with registration for the program. CONCLUSION: The registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program was influenced by frequent intervention by a psychiatric physician and levels of depression by CES-D score of 16-24.
Depression ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Hospitals, Urban ; Insurance ; Logistic Models ; Observational Study ; Prospective Studies ; Suicide

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the independent factors associated with the registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted between January and September 2015 at the academic ED in the tertiary urban hospital. The variables examined included gender, age, address, type of insurance, history of previous psychiatric disease, suicide methods, number of previous attempts, CES-D (The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), and disposition at ED. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify factors affecting the registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program. RESULTS: Overall, 331 suicides were investigated, 61 (18.4%) of which were registered in the post-suicide care program. Factors such as a intervention by psychiatric physician (OR: 3.287, 95%; CI: 1.207-9.624) and levels of depression by CES-D score of 16?24 (OR: 3.635; CI: 1.055-12.526) were significantly correlated with registration for the program. CONCLUSION: The registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program was influenced by frequent intervention by a psychiatric physician and levels of depression by CES-D score of 16-24.
Depression ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Hospitals, Urban ; Insurance ; Logistic Models ; Observational Study ; Prospective Studies ; Suicide