A bioequivalence study is usually conducted with the same-day drug administration. However, hospitalization is occasionally separated for logistical, operational, or other reasons. Recently, there was a case of separate hospitalization because of difficulties in subject recruitment. This article suggests a better way of bioequivalence data analysis for the case of separate hospitalization. The key features are (1) considering the hospitalization date as a random effect than a fixed effect and 2) using “PROC MIXED” instead of “PROC GLM” to include incomplete subject data.
Hospitalization* ; Statistics as Topic* ; Therapeutic Equivalency*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between anxiety and mastery in hospitalized young children's mothers. METHODS: The subjects were 118 mothers of young children who were hospitalized in a pediatric unit. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure the variables of anxiety and mastery. In the data analysis, SPSSWIN 23.0 was used for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression. RESULTS: The reliability of instruments were found to have a Cronbach's alpha of .84 to .92. Anxiety correlated negatively with mastery (r=-.43, p<.001) and positively with duration of hospitalization (r=.26, p=.004). In multiple regression, mastery and duration of hospitalization were significant predictors of anxiety in hospitalized young children's mothers, explaining 24.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and mastery were significant variables in hospitalized young children's mothers. A strategy of nursing intervention which decreases anxiety in mothers must be developed by increasing the level of mastery in mothers of hospitalized young children.
Anxiety* ; Child* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Statistics as Topic

Cause of Death ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Male

BACKGROUNDThe New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) has been further adjusted and optimized to reduce the financial burden of rural residents and to achieve universal coverage for them. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of NCMS on medical service utilization and medical expense of inpatients in recent years.

METHODSThe research data of Hainan Province were extracted from the Chinese NCMS platform from 2012 to 2014. Detailed information included total expenditure, average inpatients costs, average out-of-pocket payments, actual reimbursement rate, and average annual growth rate of the above indicators. Descriptive analysis was used to gauge the effects of NCMS.

RESULTSIn the utilization of medical services, NCMS inpatients in tertiary hospital decreased from 25.49% in 2012 to 20.39% in 2014, inpatients in county hospitals increased from 39.49% to 55.92%, simultaneously. The total expenditure in county hospitals rose steadily from 28.46% to 46.66%, meanwhile, the total expenditure in tertiary hospitals fell from 60.44% to 44.51%.The average out-of-pocket costs of rural inpatients remained stable over the years. Furthermore, the compensation fund of NCMS inpatients grew significantly. The actual inpatient reimbursement rate at township health centers increased from 76.93% to 84.04%. Meanwhile, the rate at county hospitals and tertiary hospitals increased slightly from 59.37% and 46.10% to 61.25% and 47.71%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSWith the improvement of the reimbursement ability, especially after the new health care reform in 2009, the NCMS have been playing a prominent role in alleviating the economic burden of farmers' medical treatment. Meanwhile, more patients go to primary hospitals than tertiary hospitals, and the capability of primary hospitals has been greatly improved.

China ; Female ; Health Expenditures ; statistics & numerical data ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Insurance, Health ; economics ; Male ; Rural Population

Objective: The objective of this study was to document the acute psychiatric service offered by the Ward Six Psychiatric Unit at the Port Moresby General Hospital by means of admission statistics. Methods: The study was designed to cover the period 1980 to 1989, for which reliable medical records were available. Data were collected on the total number of psychiatric admissions per year, diagnostic classification, occupation, province of origin of the patients, age and sex. A brief history of Psychiatric Ward Six is added. Results: The results showed that the total number of admissions to Ward Six from 1980 to 1989 was 725. There were 462 (64%) male and 263 (36%) female patients. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.8 to 1.0. Diagnostic classification of the patients was done by the International Classification of Diseases (Ninth Edition). The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia with 358 patients (49%). The majority (63%) of the patients were unemployed. A large number of the patients, 295 (41%), were from Central Province. The young age group 21-30 years accounted for 267 (37%) of the patients. The mean annual incidence for the ten-year period of the study was 5.4 patients per 10,000 population. There was an increase in the annual incidence from 3.6 per 10,000 population in 1983 to 7.9 per 10,000 population in 1989. Conclusion: In developing countries, including Papua New Guinea, hospital utilization studies and statistics provide an initial source of information. These may be followed later with community surveys and field surveys when more resources including funding become available.
Female ; Hospitalization - statistics & ; numerical data ; Hospitals, General - statistics & ; numerical data ; Mental Disorders - epidemiology ; Papua New Guinea - epidemiology ; Psychiatric Department, Hospital - statistics & ; numerical data

China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; statistics & numerical data ; Male

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean modification of SWN (KmSWN), based on the original 38-item SWN (a self-rating scale to measure subjective well-being under neuroleptic treatment) by Naber et. al. in 1994, but containing the reduced number of items and the modified content. METHODS: The KmSWN with 22 items and General Health Questionnaire/Quality of Life-12 (GHQ /QL-12) were administered to 204 out-patients with schizophrenia. Also, their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were investigated. Data analyses were conducted based on 176 patients whose responses to the scale, as well as whose related informations, were reliable. First, the reliability and validity of KmSWN were assessed comprehensively. Second, the relationships between the total score of KmSWN and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were examined. Finally, in order to identify the predictable variables on the total score of KmSWN, the stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted, where the independent variables were already shown significant correlations with the total score of KmSWN. RESULTS: Three of 22 items of KmSWN were excluded from the following analysis due to their poor internal consistency. KmSWN comprised with 19 items (KmSWN-19) showed high levels of spilthalf reliability (.91), mean of interitem correlations (.38) and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha .92). Factor analysis of the KmSWN-19 revealed that a three-factor solution accounted for 100% of total explained variance. The three factors were interpreted as 'dissatisfaction', 'physical and mental functioning', 'emotional regulation and self-control'. The concurrent validity of KmSWN-19 with GHQ/QL-12 was very high (-.83). Of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, age, disposable money, socioeconomic level, number of previous hospitalizations, compliance with medication and satisfaction with medication were positively correlated with the total score of KmSWN-19, while severity of illness, severity of parkinsonism, severity of dyskinesia, administration frequency of medication and omission number of medication were negatively correlated. However, the total score of KmSWN-19 was not correlated with the class and the dose of neuroleptics. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, the satisfaction with medication, the omission number of medication and the disposable money were significantly contributed to the total score of KmSWN-19, and they explained 24% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: The above findings indicated that KmSWN-19 was a reliable, valid and practical self-rating scale to measure subjective well-being in out-patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, KmSWN-19 seemed to be a general scale applicable to all the schizophrenic or other psychotic patients if they were able to complete it, rather than a specific scale only for the patients undergoing the neuroleptic treatment. Based on the results of the predictable variables on the total score of KmSWN-19, one may argue that intraindividual characteristics such as value, belief and personality traits, although they were not evaluated in this study, should be considered in assessing subjective well-being or the quality of life.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Compliance ; Dyskinesias ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Quality of Life ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schizophrenia ; Statistics as Topic

This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin(1998). Ten hospitalized subjects were interviewed for data collection. In the process of data analysis, 'acceptance' is found to be the causal condition, while 'health professionals' skillfulness', 'ward environment', 'history of hospitalization', and 'general conditions' were identified as context, 'felling of relief' as the core phenomenon, 'self-efficacy', 'support of others', and 'life style' as the intermediate situation, 'passive reaction', 'alternative reaction' and 'active reaction' as the strategy and 'stabilization', 'satisfaction', 'hope' and 'carrying out' as consequences. 'Feeling of relief' is found to go through the three stages of recognition-generation-maintenance after the five different patterns. 1) In case the health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable, the general conditions of the patients improved and as a result the feeling of relief is strong, during the first hospitalization, the self-efficacy of the subjects tends to be strong. They proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active or alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief. 2) The subjects tend to proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active and alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable the general conditions of the subjects improved, self-efficacy is strong, and lifestyle is autonomous, during the second hospitalization even though support of others is merely superficial. 3) The subjects tend to stabilize, and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful and the ward environment is favorable but the general conditions worsened and accordingly the feeling of relief, is weak and life style is dependent during the second hospitalization although the subjects' self-efficacy is strong and support of others is specific. 4) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable, the general conditions improved, support of others is specific but life style is dependent and self-efficacy is weak during the first hospitalization. 5) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable but the general conditions improved support of others is specific and as a result self-efficacy is strong but life style is dependent.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Health Occupations ; Hope ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Life Style ; Statistics as Topic

Tribal warfare is a way of life in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. In earlier times direct confrontation with bushknives and axes, and shooting with bows and arrows were common. In recent years there have not been as many instances of direct confrontation with bushknives and axes, but the use of bows and arrows is on the rise. Since 1993, guns have been increasingly used, with devastating results. In 1993, 18 deaths were reported from tribal warfare in one area of the Southern Highlands Province, especially from gunshots, while in 1994, 24 deaths were reported from another area. A five-year review of tribal fight admissions to Mendi Hospital, from 1990 to 1994, showed an increase in the number and proportion of gunshot wounds; there were none in 1990-1992 but they constituted 18% of tribal fight injuries in 1993 and 33% in 1994.
Cause of Death ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitalization - statistics & ; numerical data ; New Guinea - epidemiology

Objective: To understand the seasonal distribution of patient hospitalization due to asthma exacerbation in 7 geographic areas in China. Methods: This was a retrospective study which involved patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation in 29 hospitals throughout 7 geographic areas in the mainland of China (northeast, north, central, east, south, northwest and southwest). The numbers of asthmatic patients and total inpatients of the respiratory department of each hospital were recorded. The monthly ratio of asthmatic patients to the total inpatients in every area was calculated and compared. Results: During the study period, 6 480 patients were admitted for asthma exacerbation, accounting for 3.14% of all the 206 135 patients admitted to the respiratory departments in the 29 hospitals. The ratio of asthmatic patients to total inpatients in the northeast area (5.61%) was highest, and the ratio in east area was lowest (1.97%). Statistical analysis showed that the difference among different areas was significant (P<0.000 1). In most areas, both the number and proportion of hospitalized asthmatic patients peaked in spring (February-April) and autumn (September-October). In the northeast area, east area and south area, the peaks in spring were more obvious, while in the north area and southwest area, the peaks in autumn were more obvious. In the northwest area the peaks occurred in winter (December-January) and summer (June-August), respectively. The differences in hospitalization due to asthma among different months were significant in the northeast, north, and southwest areas (P<0.005). Conclusion: The number of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation fluctuated with season in different areas in China. In most areas, more asthmatic patients were admitted to hospitals in spring and autumn.
Asthma ; China/epidemiology* ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons