1.Quantitative Analysis of GABA and/or Glycine Like Immunoreactive Synaptic Terminals on Masseter gamma-motoneurons for Jaw Closing Muscle of the Rat.
Yong Chul BAE ; Kuk Pil PARK ; Hyo Jeong LEE
Korean Journal of Anatomy 2000;33(5):555-563
The distribution of GABA and/or glycine like immunoreactive nerve terminals on the soma of the masseteric gamma motoneurons were investigated using retrograde tracing of WGA-HRP (wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase) and postembedding immunogold labeling methods in serial ultrathin sections. Quantitative analysis of 140 nerve terminals apposing on somata of gamma motoneuron size less than 21 mm in average diameter was performed. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Synaptic covering % of apposing nerve terminals was 21.45+/-11.48% and packing density was 12.85+/-6.17. 2. Nerve terminals immunoreactive (IR) to GABA or glycine were F type containing pleomorphic vesicles with round shape predominant. Majority of nerve terminals immunonegative to GABA or glycine were S type containing spherical vesicles and few of them were F type. 3. 11.42+/-10.00% of examined nerve terminals were IR to GABA only, and 12.71+/-9.85% were IR to GABA and glycine, and 15.21+/-9.58% were IR to glycine only. 4. Synaptic covering % of nerve terminals IR to glycine only was highest (4.58+/-4.50%), followed in order by GABA and glycine (3.18+/-2.77%), and GABA only (2.38+/-2.06%). 5. Among all terminals, immunonegative nerve terminals (60.66+/-14.65%) were much more than nerve terminals immunoreactive to GABA and/or glycine (39.34+/-14.65%) These results show that inhibitory synaptic input and synaptic organization of the masseteric gamma motoneurons reveal characteristic features in contrast to that of alpha motoneurons and which may correlated to the electrophysi-ological characteristics of masseteric gamma motoneurons.
Animals
;
Armoracia
;
Carisoprodol
;
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid*
;
Glycine*
;
Jaw*
;
Presynaptic Terminals*
;
Rats*
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate
2.Ultrastructural Analysis of GABA- and Glycine-Immunoreactive Nerve Terminals on Jaw-Closing and Jaw-Opening Motoneurons in the Rat.
Kuk Pil PARK ; Hyo Jeong LEE ; Eun Jung KIM ; Yong Chul BAE
Korean Journal of Anatomy 2001;34(4):375-387
Previous studies have shown that inhibitory synaptic inputs are different between in spinal and trigeminal motor systems and activities of jaw closing and opening alpha motoneurons are different during a chewing cycle. This study examined the distribution of inhibitory synapses made on masseter and digastric motoneurons by using retrograde tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxides (WGA-HRP) combined with postembedding immunogold labeling on serial ultrathin sections.Many boutons IR (immunoreactive) to GABA and/or glycine were found to appose on two kinds of motoneurons, which were containing pleomorphic vesicles (a mixture of round, oval and flattened vesicles) and exhibited symmetrical synaptic contacts on the somata. Packing density and synaptic covering % were higher in digastric than in masseter motoneurons. Of 703 boutons apposing on 12 masseter motoneurons, 6.08+/-3.51, 29.67+/-8.89 and 17.78+/-5.22% were IR to GABA only, glycine only, and both GABA and glycine, respectively. Of 637 boutons apposing on 11 digastric motoneurons, 6.37+/-4.64, 19.74+/-8.25 and 12.01+/-5.38% were IR to GABA only, glycine only, and both GABA and glycine, respectively. Proportions of glycine IR boutons were higher than that of GABA IR boutons in both masseter and digastric motoneurons. Packing density and proportion of boutons IR to GABA and/or glycine were higher in jaw closing than in jaw opening motoneurons (packing density, 12.03+/-1.58 vs 10.28+/-2.99; proportion of IR boutons, 53.54+/-8.94% vs 38.12+/-9.38% in jaw closing and opening motoneurons, respectively). These results provide ultrastructural evidence that GABA and glycine act as important neurotransmitters for modulation of jaw movement and that proportion of inhibitory synapses is higher in jaw closing than in jaw opening motoneurons.
Animals
;
Armoracia
;
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
;
Glycine
;
Jaw
;
Mastication
;
Neurotransmitter Agents
;
Peroxides
;
Rats*
;
Synapses
;
Triticum
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate
3.Localization of sympathetic and sensory nerves innervating heart in the cat using HRP and WGA-HRP as neuronal tracers.
Eui Hyeog HAN ; Chang Hyun LEE ; Hyoung Tae KIM ; Moo Sam LEE
Korean Journal of Anatomy 2000;33(2):229-239
The origin of sympathetic and sensory nerves innervating heart in the cat was investigated using HRP (Horseradish peroxidase) and WGA-HRP (Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase) as neuronal tracers. The neural tracers were injected into subepicardial layer and myocardium of the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle, respectively. Labeled sympathetic neuronal cell bodies were found in superior cervical ganglia, middle cervical ganglia, stellate ganglia and 4th and 5th thoracic ganglia, mainly in middle cervical ganglia and stellate ganglia. Heavier labeled neuronal cell bodies were found in the middle cervical ganglia and stellate ganglia when the neural tracers were injected into left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle. Labeled sensory neuronal cell bodies were found in nodose ganglia and T1-T6 spinal ganglia, mainly in T1-T5 spinal ganglia. Heavier labeled neuronal cell bodies were found in the nodose ganglia when the neural tracers were injected into left atrium and right ventricle. These results may provide a neuroanatomical data on origin of sensory nerves innervating the heart of the cat.
Animals
;
Cats*
;
Ganglia
;
Ganglia, Sensory
;
Ganglia, Spinal
;
Ganglia, Sympathetic
;
Heart Atria
;
Heart Ventricles
;
Heart*
;
Horseradish Peroxidase
;
Myocardium
;
Neurons*
;
Nodose Ganglion
;
Sensory Receptor Cells
;
Stellate Ganglion
;
Superior Cervical Ganglion
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate*
4.A Study on the Spinoreticulocerebellar Tract in Chickens.
Il Kwon PARK ; Moo Kang KIM ; Imagawa TOMORO ; Uehara MASATO
Journal of Veterinary Science 2003;4(1):1-8
The spicoreticulocerebellar (SRC) tract is an indirect spinocerebellar tract formed by the reticular formation (RF), which is connected to the cerebellum and spinal cord. The RF receives ascending fibers to both the spinal enlargement and sends descending fibers to the cerebellum. This study demonstrated that the connectivity of the neurons in the RF is concerned to the cerebellum and spinal cord using the anterograde projection with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and retrograde labeling with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Until now, a preliminary study in mammals has dealt with the afferent and efferent pathways in separating groups of neurons in the RF. There are only few reports on chickens. This study examined the SRC tract in chickens. Following bilateral injections we injected BDA into chicken spinal cord (lumbosacral enlargement) and WGA-HRP into the cerebellum. Both of single- and double-labeled cells were found within the RF. The spinoreticular axons were mainly distributed from the potomedullary junction to the rostral medulla in the rostro-caudally RF levels, for example, nucleus of reticularis (n. r.) pontis oralis, locus coeruleus, n. r. pontis caudalis, n. r. pars gigantocellularis, n. r. gigantocellularis and n. r. parvocellualris. Reticulocerebellar labeling by the WGA- HRP was found in the same place as well as that of the BDA-projection. We observed that the proportion and location of double labeling cells in the chicken were almost similar in each level, comparing to the rodents. These results suggest that the reticular formation is strongly related to the spicoreticulocerebellar tract in chickens.
Afferent Pathways/physiology
;
Animals
;
Biotin/*analogs&derivatives
;
Cerebellum/anatomy&histology/*physiology
;
Chickens/*anatomy&histology/*physiology
;
Dextrans
;
Efferent Pathways/physiology
;
Microinjections
;
Reticular Formation/anatomy&histology/*physiology
;
Spinal Cord/anatomy&histology/*physiology
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate
5.Morphological Changes of the Sensory Neurons in the Peripheral Neuropathy of Rat Tibial Nerve Using WGA-HRP Tracing Method.
Ji Hyun KIM ; Ok Hee CHAI ; Eui Hyeog HAN
Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology 2009;22(1):85-94
Neuropathy is a general term referring to disorders of nerves, and produces when the nerves are damaged. It is characterized by spontaneous pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. The purpose of present study is to observe the number of WGA-HRP (wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase) labelded sensory neurons of DRG (dorsal root ganglia), and distributions according to cell size of sensory neuron in tibial nerve ligation model (NLM). The tibial nerve ligation was performed with 3-0 silk by the application of three tight ligatures at the mid-thigh level. In the neuropathy model of rat tibial nerve ligation, morphological changes of sensory neurons in DRG were observed using WGA-HRP. Rats of NLM showed the neuropathic behaviors. Rats were shown guarding affected limb and limping. Their toes and ankle joint of operated limb were hyperflexed. Under light microscopy, tibial nerve showed degeneration of axons in NLM. In control and NLM, labeled sensory neurons of tibial nerve distributed L4 and L5 DRG. In control group, the labeled sensory neurons were round or oval in shape. They were large and small cells, and mixed pattern. Total number of labeled sensory neurons in NLM decreased significantly from control group. The number of labeled sensory neurons in L4 and L5 DRG decreased significantly from control group. Labeled large and small cells decreased significantly from control group. Present study may serve as the basic information about the changes of DRG sensory neurons in NLM.
Animals
;
Ankle Joint
;
Axons
;
Cell Size
;
Diagnosis-Related Groups
;
Extremities
;
Hyperalgesia
;
Ligation
;
Light
;
Microscopy
;
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
;
Rats
;
Sensory Receptor Cells
;
Silk
;
Tibial Nerve
;
Toes
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate
6.The Localization of Efferent and Afferent Neurons Innervating the Rat Thymus Using the Neural Tracers.
Chang Hyun LEE ; Keuk Seon JANG ; Hyoung Tae KIM ; Moo Sam LEE
Korean Journal of Anatomy 1998;31(1):71-80
The localizations of efferent and afferent neurons were observed following injection of neural tracers, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the rat thymus with ages. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were examined at 3 weeks, 5~6 and 20 months of age. After survival times of 48~96 hours following injection of neural tracers, the rats were perfused and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, dorsal root ganglia and vagal ganglia were frozen sectioned (40 mm). These sections were stained by CTB immunohistochemical and HRP histochemical staining methods, and observed with polarized dark and light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. WGA-HRP and CTB labeled parasympathetic neurons were bilaterally seen in the nucleus ambiguus and medullary reticular formation of medulla with all ages. 2. WGA-HRP labeled sympathetic neurons were bilaterally labeled in superior cervical ganglia, middle cervical ganglia, stellate ganglia and T4-8 sympathetic chain ganglia. The number of labeled sympathetic neurons was increased in the thymus at 20 months of age. According to the aging, sympathetic neuronal processes were more developed, and the nerve fibers were coarse and more branched. 3. WGA-HRP labeled sensory neurons were bilaterally observed within the vagal and C1-6 dorsal root ganglia. The number of labeled sensory neurons was decreased in the thymus at 20 months of age.
Aging
;
Animals
;
Brain
;
Cholera Toxin
;
Ganglia
;
Ganglia, Spinal
;
Ganglia, Sympathetic
;
Nerve Fibers
;
Neurons
;
Neurons, Afferent*
;
Peroxidase
;
Rats*
;
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
;
Reticular Formation
;
Sensory Receptor Cells
;
Spinal Cord
;
Stellate Ganglion
;
Superior Cervical Ganglion
;
Thymus Gland*
;
Triticum
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate
7.Localization of Sensory Neurons Innervating the Rat Intestine Using the Cholera Toxin B Subunit(CTB) and Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase(WGA-HRP).
Dong Hyup LEE ; Chang Hyun LEE ; Moo Sam LEE
Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine 1998;15(1):75-96
The local arrangement of sensory nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers in the brain stem, spinal ganglia and nodose ganglia were observed following injection of cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase(WGA-HRP) into the rat intestine. The tracers were injected in the stomach(anterior and posterior portion), duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon or descending colon. After survival times of 48-96 hours, the rats were perfused and their brain, spinal and nodose ganglia were frozen sectioned(40microM). These sectiones were stained by CTB immunohistochemical and HRP histochemical staining methods and observed by dark and light microscopy. The results were as follows: 1. WGA-HRP labeled afferent terminal fields in the brain stem were seen in the stomach and cecum, and CTB labeled afferent terminal fields in the brain stem were seen in all parts of the intestine. 2. Afferent terminal fields innervating the intestine were heavily labeled bilaterally gelalinous part of nucleus of tractus solitarius(gelNTS), dorsomedial part of gelNTS, commissural part of NTS(comNTS), medial part of NTS(medNTS), wall of the fourth ventricle, ventral border of area postrema and comNTS in midline dorsal to the central canal. 3. WGA-HRP labeled sensory neurons were observed bilaterally within the spinal ganglia, and labeled sensory neurons innervating the stomach were observed in spinal ganglia T2-L1 and the most numerous in spinal ganglia T8-9. 4. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the duodenum were observed in spinal ganglia T6-L2 and labeled cell number were fewer than the other parts of the intestines. 5. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the jejunum were observed in spinal ganglia T6-L2 and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were T12 in left and T13 in right. 6. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the ileum were observed in spinal ganglia T6-L2 and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were T11 in left and L1 in right. 7. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the cecum were observed in spinal ganglia T7-L2 and the most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were T11 in left and T11-12 in right. 8. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the ascending colon were observed in spinal ganglia T7-L2 in left, and T9-L4 in right. The most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were T9 in left and T11 in right. 9. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the descending colon were observed in spinal ganglia T9-L2 in left, and T6-L2 in right. The most numerous area in the spinal ganglia were T13 in left and L1 in right. 10. WGA-HRP labeled sensory neurons were observed bilaterally within the nodose ganglia, and the most numerous labeled sensory neurons innervating the abdominal organs were observed in the stomach. 11. The number of labeled sensory neurons within the nodose ganglia innervating small and large intestines were fewer than that of labeled sensory neurons innervating stomach These results indicated that area of sensory neurons innervated all parts of intestines were bilaterally gelatinous part of nucleus tractus solitarius(gelNTS), dorsomedial part of gelNTS, commissural part of NTS(comNTS), medial part of NTS, wall of the fourth ventricle, ventral border of area postrema and com NTS in midline dorsal to the central canal within brain stem, spinal ganglia T2-L4, and nodose ganglia. Labeled sensory neurons innervating the intestines except the stomach were observed in spinal ganglia T6-L4. The most labeled sensory neurons from the small intestine to large intestine came from middle thoracic spinal ganglia to upper lumbar spinal ganglia.
Animals
;
Area Postrema
;
Brain
;
Brain Stem
;
Cecum
;
Cell Count
;
Cholera Toxin*
;
Cholera*
;
Colon, Ascending
;
Colon, Descending
;
Duodenum
;
Fourth Ventricle
;
Ganglia, Spinal
;
Gelatin
;
Ileum
;
Intestine, Large
;
Intestine, Small
;
Intestines*
;
Jejunum
;
Microscopy
;
Nerve Fibers
;
Neurons
;
Nodose Ganglion
;
Rats*
;
Sensory Receptor Cells*
;
Stomach
;
Triticum*
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate
8.Neural Pathway Innervating Epididymis of Rats by Pseudorabies virus (PRV-Ba-Gal) and WGA-HRP.
Chang Hyun LEE ; Byoung Moon KO ; Bong Hee LEE ; Ok Bong CHUNG
Korean Journal of Anatomy 2001;34(2):141-154
This experimental studies was to investigate the location of PNS and CNS labeled neurons following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRV), beta-galactosidase inserted Bartha strain, into the epididymis of rats. After survival times 4~5 days following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and PRV-Ba-Gal, the rats were perfused, and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia were frozen sectioned (30 mm). These sections were stained by HRP histochemical and beta-galactosidase histochemical staining methods, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. The WGA-HRP labeled sympathetic ganglia projecting to the epididymis were observed in pelvic ganglion and L1-6 lumbar sympathetic ganglia. 2. The WGA-HRP labeled spinal ganglia projecting to the epididymis were observed in L1-6 spinal ganglia. 3. The beta-galactosidase labeled neurons projecting to the epididymis were observed in lamina VII of cervical segments. In thoracic segments, beta-galactosidase labeled neurons were observed in dorsomedial part of lamina I, II and III. Dense labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral n. and dorsal commissural n.. In lumbar segment, labeled neurons were observed in lamina III, IV, V, dorsal commisural n. and superficial dorsal horn. 4. In the medulla oblongata, beta-galactosidase labeled neurons projecting to the epididymis were observed in the trigeminal spinal n., A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular n., rostroventrolateral reticular n., area postrema, n. tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus n., raphe pallidus n., raphe magnus n., parapyra-midal n., lateral reticular n. and lateral paragigantocellular reticular n.. 5. In the pons, labeled neurons were observed in Kolliker-Fuse n., locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus n. and A5 noradrenalin cells. 6. In midbrain, labeled neurons were observed in periaqueductal gray substance, retrorubral n., substantia nigra and dorsal raphe n.. 7. In the diencephalon, labeled neurons were observed in paraventricular hypothalamic n., lateral hypothalamic nucleus., medial preoptic n. and retrochiasmatic n.. These results suggest that WGA-HRP labeled neurons of the spinal cord projecting to the rat epididymis might be the first-order neurons related to the viscero-somatic sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and beta-galactosidase labeled neurons of the brain and spinal cord may be the second and third-order neurons response to the movement of vascular smooth muscle in epididymis. These beta-galactosidase labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory and motor system monitoring the internal environment. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from epididymis to spinal cord and brain which may be play an important neuroanatomical basic evidence in the regulation of epididymal function.
Animals
;
Area Postrema
;
beta-Galactosidase
;
Brain
;
Diencephalon
;
Epididymis*
;
Ganglia, Spinal
;
Ganglia, Sympathetic
;
Ganglion Cysts
;
Herpesvirus 1, Suid*
;
Horns
;
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
;
Locus Coeruleus
;
Male
;
Medulla Oblongata
;
Mesencephalon
;
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
;
Neural Pathways*
;
Neurons
;
Periaqueductal Gray
;
Pons
;
Pseudorabies*
;
Rats*
;
Reflex
;
Spinal Cord
;
Substantia Nigra
;
Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate*
9.Morphology and Distribution of Motoneurons Innervating the Lateral Rectus and the Retractor Bulbi Muscles in Cat : A Retrograde Study Utilizing Horseradish Peroxidase.
Min Seop BAN ; Joong Ha YOO ; Jeong Soo LIM
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2000;41(12):2715-2724
No Abstract Available.
Animals
;
Armoracia*
;
Cats*
;
Horseradish Peroxidase*
;
Muscles*
10.Bilateral Innervations to Superior Oblique by Trochlear Nucleus in cats: Retrograde Tracer Study by Horseradish Peroxidase.
Joong Ha YOO ; Jeong Eun KIM ; Baek Ran SONG
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 1991;32(2):195-199
Trochlear motorneurons were identified by applying horseradish peroxidase(HRP) to superior oblique muscle in cats. Ninety five to ninety seven percent of the contralateral trochlear nucleus were stained 3-5% of ipsilateral side also labelled by HRP. These findings showed that superior oblique muscle was innervated by trochlear nuclei on both side.
Animals
;
Armoracia*
;
Cats*
;
Horseradish Peroxidase*
;
Trochlear Nerve