[Objective] To evaluate the clinical efficiency of refratory edema based on daytime prelonged Online-HDF.[Methods] Six patients include four females and two males whose age ranging from 28 to 74 years old and average 55 years old.Online-HDF treatment for 3-9 times,vascular access was percutaneous femoral or internal jugular catheterization.One patient's temporary access was changed to permanent access because who needed continous hemodialysis.The machine version was Ganbro AK-100S.To filter by u2000 and replace fluid online for 6-10 hous,blood flow was 200-250ml/min,uf 1200-8600,the total fluid used for replacement was 20-42 liter,during the process,regular heparin or low molecular was used for anticoagulation.[Results]Three patients' clinical symptoms resulted from edema resolved,one patient accepted continous hemodialysis treatment for inpaired kidney function,one patient left hospital for expensive medical cost,one patient accepted ventilation treatment for respiratory failure in ICU.[Conclusion]Daytime prelonged Online-HDF is effective on the trentment of refratory edema,especially effective on dyspnea,tachypnea,chest distress that resulted from edema.

Objective To investigate the effects of training of Bobath position transfer technique for nurses.Methods Thirty nurses were recruited in the study using convenience sampling and received training of Bobath transfer technique.Five variables were evaluated before and after training:transfer skills,transfer intensity,sense of comfort,and sense of comfort and sense of security from simulated patients.Results Nurses' transfer skills and sense of comfort were higher after training (P＜0.05).Transfer intensity was lower than before (P＜0.05).Sense of comfort and sense of security from simulated patients were improved after the training (P＜0.05).Conclusion Training of Bobath transfer technique can improve nurses' transfer skills and promote sense of comfort and sense of security from simulated patients.

Objective To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the spinal cord in the maintenance of diabetic neuropathic pain in rats.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 2 months,weighing 180-200 g,were used in the study.Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) 60 mg/kg and confirmed by blood glucose ＞ 16.7 mmol/L on day 2 after STZ injection.Twenty diabetic rats were randomly allocated into diabetes mellitus group (DM group,n =10) and L-NAME (non-selective NOS inhibitor) group (LN group,n =10).Another 10 age-matched normal rats served as control group (C group).On 21 days after STZ injection,L-NAME 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 7 consecutive days in LN group,whereas the equal volume of normal saline 5 ml/kg was given instead of L-NAME in DM group.Paw withdrawal threshold to yon Frey filament stimulation (PWT) was measured before STZ infection and on 7,14,21 and28 days after STZ injection.The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of PWT and the lumbar segments of spinal cord were removed for determination of NO content and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression (by Western blot analysis) in spinal cord tissues.Results Compared with C group,PWT was significantly decreased on 14,21 and 28 days after STZ injection,and the NO content and nNOS expression in spinal cord tissues were increased in DM and LN groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with DM group,PWT was significantly increased on 28 days after STZ injection,and the NO content and nNOS expression in spinal cord tissues were decreased in LN group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion NO in the spinal cord is involved in the maintenance of diabetic neuropathic pain in rats and the mechanism is related to the enhanced function of nNOS.

Objective To evaluate the effects of curcumin preconditioning on the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD) during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),intestinal I/R group (I/R group),and curcumin preconditioning group (Cur group).Intestinal I/R was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 75 min followed by reperfusion.Curcumin 200 mg/kg was given everyday for 5 days before intestinal I/R in Cur group and the equal volume of normal saline was given instead of curcumin in S and I/R groups.The rats were sacrificed at 4 h of reperfusion and the intestinal specimens were obtained for microscopic examination of pathologic changes which were graded using Chiu scoring system and for determination of XOD activity,content of malondialdehyde (MDA),and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Results Compared with S group,the Chiu score,activity of XOD and content of MDA were significantly increased,while the activity of SOD was decreased in I/R and Cur groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with I/R group,the Chiu score,activity of XOD and content of MDA were significantly decreased,and the activity of SOD was increased in Cur group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Curcumin preconditioning can attenuate intestinal I/R injury in rats,which may be due to inhibition of XOD activity and decreased oxidative stress in intestinal tissues.

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on postoperative cognitive function after abdominal surgery for elderly patients with diabetes. Methods Seventy diabetic patients (aged 60~75 yr, ASAⅠorⅡ) underwent abdominal surgery and are included in the research. Diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups (n=35): sevoflurane group(group DS) and propofol group (group DP). MMSE score, the attachment test, words memory test and Stroop color word test were carried and the results were recorded before operation (T1), postoperative 24 h (T2), 48 h (T3) and 1 w (T4). Results Compared with T1, patients′ MMSE score reduced at T2 and T3. Time spent in attachment test is longer at T2 and T3. Mistaken incidences in Stroop color words test 1, 2 and 3 are higher and time longer at T2. Time spent on Stroop color words test 2 and 3 is longer in T3. Words memory test reveals decline at T2 and T3, whose difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). Cognitive dysfunction incidence in the two groups shows no statistical significance (P > 0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane and propofol can result in postoperative cognitive dysfunction for elderly patients with diabetes within 48 h after abdominal surgery, there were no difference between the effects of them.

Objective To explore the relationship of intelligence among memory, sustained attention and executive function of schizophrenic patients. Methods 120 schizophrenic inpatients and 60 healthy subjects matched in age, gender and years of education with the patients were assessed with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition (WAIS-IV) and Wechsler Memory Scale-fourth edition (WMS-IV), Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results The intelligence quotient (IQ), memory quotient (MQ), scores of CPT and WCST were poor in the patients (P<0.05). IQ was correlated with MQ (r=0.837, P<0.01), the scores of CPT (r=0.613, P<0.01) and WCST (r=0.466, P<0.01). The scores of CPT and MQ were the independent factors related with IQ (P<0.001).Conclusion There is intelligence impairment in schizophrenics, which may related with the impairment of memory and sustained attention.

Objective To investigate the memory characteristics and related factors of patients with mental retardation. Methods 73 patients with mental retardation (patient group) and 73 normal subjects (control group) matched with the patient group were respectively tested with Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition of Chinese Version (WMS-IV). Results The scores of each subtest and composite scores of WMS-IV were significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group (P<0.01). All the composite scores positively correlated with each other in the patient group (r=0.38-0.90, P<0.01) and in the control group (r=0.31-0.94, P<0.01). Age and education level positively correlated with all the composite scores (except the Visual Working Memory Index) in the patient group (P<0.05). Conclusion The patients with mental retardation present an overall decline in memory, especially in the immediate memory. The memory function in patients is related with their ages and education levels.

Objective To investigate the intellectual characteristics and related factors for patients with mental retardation. Methods 118 patients with mental retardation and 118 normal subjects were assessed with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition of Chinese (WAIS-Ⅳ). Results The full intelligence quotient (FIQ), index and scores of subtests were significantly lower in the patients than in the controls (P<0.01), especially for those of working memory and processing speed index. The difference in percentage of significance between verbal comprehension and working memory was higher (P<0.05). The FIQ and some index of patients positively correlated with age, education level and their parents' education level (P<0.01). Conclusion The patients with mental retardation present an overall decline in intelligence,especially in the working memory and processing speed. The mental development is unbalanced in some patients, that the verbal comprehension is relatively better than working memory. The intelligence of patients with mental retardation may be related with their age, education level and their parents' education level.

Estrogen is an important hormone secreted by the female reproductive system. Its main function is associated with reproduction, growth and development. Studies have shown that estrogen has biological functions such as regulating vasoconstriction, antioxidant stress, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection, and also affects brain structure and network. Studies have shown that estrogen is closely associated with the occurrence and development of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). This article reviews the relationship between estrogen and menopausal hormone replacement therapy and WMHs, and their possible pathophysiological mechanisms.

Carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) is closely associated with the decline of cognitive function in the elderly, which can lead to persistent or progressive cognitive function and neurological dysfunction. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is considered to be an intervenable disease. Studies have shown that CAS is one of the main causes of VCI. Further study on the relationship between CAS and VCI will help to better prevention and treatment of VCI.