This paper compares nutritional quality between enriched soybean hydrolytic protein and enriched enzymolysis protein by mean of chemical and biological methods.It was found that the essential amino acids composition of enriched soybean hydrolytic protein was similar to those of enriched enzymolysis protein and casein and closer to the FAO/WHO pattern of amino acid requirements.Its amino acid score (AAS), true protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) were 97, 96.2?1.0, 77.1?1.4 and 74.2?0.9, respectively.These values were significantly higher than those of enriched enzymolysis protein and casein except for its TD.The results indicate that the enriched soybean hydrolytic protein has higher nutritional quality.

Components separation is the key technology in biorefinery. Combination of steam explosion and laccase was used, and synergistic effect of the combined pretreatment was evaluated in terms of physical structure, chemical components and extraction of lignin. The results showed that steam explosion can destroy the rigid structure and increase the specific surface area of straw, which facilitated the laccase pretreatment. The laccase pretreatment can modify the lignin structure based on the Fourier transform infrared test, as a result the delignification of straw was enhanced. Nuclei Growth model with a time dependent rate constant can describe the delignification, and the kinetics parameters indicated that the combined pretreatment improved the reaction sites and made the delignification reaction more sensitive to temperature. The combined pretreatment enhanced delignification, and can be a promising technology as an alternative to the existing pretreatment.
Biotechnology ; methods ; Laccase ; chemistry ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Steam

To increase the integral economic effectiveness, biorefineries of lignocellulosic materials should not only utilize carbohydrates hydrolyzed from cellulose and hemicellulose but also use lignin. We used steam-exploded corn stalk as raw materials and optimized the temperature and alkali concentration in the lignin extraction process to obtain lignin liquor with higher yield and purity. Then the concentrated lignin liquor was used directly to substitute phenol for phenolic foam preparation and the performances of phenolic foam were characterized by microscopic structure analysis, FTIR, compression strength and thermal conductivity detection. The results indicated that, when steam-exploded corn stalk was extracted at 120 degrees C for 2 h by 1% NaOH with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, the extraction yield of lignin was 79.67%. The phenolic foam prepared from the concentrated lignin liquor showed higher apparent density and compression strength with the increasing substitution rate of lignin liquor. However, there were not significant differences of thermal conductivity and flame retardant properties by the addition of lignin, which meant that the phenolic foam substituted by lignin liquor was approved for commercial application. This study, which uses alkali-extracted lignin liquor directly for phenolic foam preparation, provides a relatively simple way for utilization of lignin and finally increases the overall commercial operability ofa lignocellulosic biorefinery derived by steam explosion.
Biotechnology ; methods ; Chemical Fractionation ; Hot Temperature ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Phenols ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Steam ; Zea mays ; chemistry

The resource limitation, ineffective utilization and severe waste generated during processing restrict the sustainable development of the Chinese herbal medicine industry. The main reasons lie in insufficient utilization of medicinal components as well as few and outdated technologies. Integration and optimization of serial technologies including pretreatment, extraction, conversion and waste treatment are the keys to solve these issues. In this article, the updated research progress and technology development of biorefinery engineering for herbal medicines are reviewed. Guided by multi-products oriental fractionation refining, Chinese herbal medicine refinery technical system is constructed relied on advanced refinery technology platforms.
Bioengineering ; Chemical Fractionation ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal

Biorefinery that utilizes renewable biomass for production of fuels, chemicals and bio-materials has become more and more important in chemical industry. Recently, steam explosion technology, acid and alkali treatment are the main biorefinery treatment technologies. Meanwhile, low temperature plasma technology has attracted extensive attention in biomass refining process due to its unique chemical activity and high energy. We systemically summarize the research progress of low temperature plasma technology for pretreatment, sugar platflow, selective modification, liquefaction and gasification in biomass refinery. Moreover, the mechanism of low temperature plasma in biorefinery and its further development were also discussed.
Biomass ; Biotechnology ; methods ; Biotransformation ; Chemical Industry ; Cold Temperature ; Plasma Gases

Laccase is one of the most important oxidoreductase with industrialization potential. However, due to the high cost and catalytic toxicity of laccase synthetic mediator, the laccase-mediator-system still cannot achieve industrialization. Therefore, searching for high efficient, environment-friendly, and cheap natural mediator from small molecule precursors or intermediates and degradation products of lignin has been considered as a hot research topic. Therefore, we introduce the type and catalytic mechanism of laccase mediator, the composition and separation of natural laccase mediator from water washed solution of steam exploded straw, black liquor and lignocelluloses degradation products during the fermentation of white-rot fungi. We also provide the theoretical and technical direction for exploring of high reactive of laccase natural mediators and achieving the oriented high-value utilization of lignocellulose degradation products.
Basidiomycota ; Fermentation ; Laccase ; chemistry ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Steam

Biomass is the most abundant organic macromolecules in nature, which is expected to achieve the brilliant of biorefinery equivalent to petroleum refining. However, it is considered as the future industry to human due to the complicated composition and transformation processes. The traditional lignocellulose bio-refining thoughts ignored the functional requirements of products, but spent a lot of energies to destruct macromolecule into small molecules, and then converted the small molecules into different products, which was high energy consumption and low atom economy. How to realize the biorefinery of lignocellulose is the key point and difficulty to achieve the biomass industry. An ideal biorefinery of lignocellulose should as far as possibly to obtain the maximum yield of each component, to maintain the integrity of the molecule, to optimize the utilization of raw materials and finally to realize the maximum value. Therefore, it requires the raw materials refining of lignocellosic biomass should be based on the relationship of structure, process transformation and related product characteristics. This special issue reports the latest advances in the fields of raw material refinery, refining technologies, conversion technologies of component.
Biomass ; Biotransformation ; Lignin ; chemistry

Fermentation inhibitors are toxic to cells, which is one of the bottlenecks for lignocellulose bio-refinery process. How to remove those inhibitors serves a key role in the bioconversion of lignocellulose. This article reviews the sources and the types of the inhibitors, especially the updated removal strategies including physical methods, chemical methods, biological methods and inhibitor-tolerant strain construction strategies. Based on these, we introduce a new bio-refinery model named "fractional conversion", which reduces the production of inhibitors at pretreatment stage, and a novel in situ detoxification method named "fermentation promoter exploitation technology". This review could provide new research ideas on the removal of fermentation inhibitors.
Biotechnology ; methods ; Biotransformation ; Fermentation ; Lignin ; chemistry

Objective: To investigate the expression of ?-catenin and epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small-cell lung cancer and its clinical significance. Methods: The expression of ?-catenin and epidermal growth factor receptor in 58 cases of non-small-cell lung cancer tissue sections were detected by immunohistochemistry. Correlations were investigated between fj-catenin and EGFR immunostaining in primary tumors and histological grade, lymph node stage.Results:23 of 58 cases showed strong ?-catenin immunostaining and 27 of 58 cases showed strong EGFR immunostaining. ?-catenin expression showed significant correlation with grades of differentiation. There were significant correlations between ?-catenm and ECFR. expression and lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: The change of ?-catenin and ECFR expression in surgically treated NSCLC are clearly associated with lymph node metastasis and histological grade.

The changes of the dietary composition of Shanghai population from 1950 to 1985 were investigated and the relationship between the dietary composition and the mortality of diseases of the population was analysed with retrospective method. The results showed that the amount of consumption of grain was decreased but that of animal foods increased (except that around 1960) year after year during the past 35 years. The consumption of meat and eggs in 1985 was 2.8 and 4.9 times , higher than that in 1950 respectively. The intake of carbohydrates was decreased but- that of fat increased year by year. The ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fats (P/S) was decreased and there was a trend of excess intake of fat. The mortalities from malignant tumours, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were increased year by year, which correlated strongly with the consumption of dietary saturated fat. On the other hand the intake of protein, calcium and riboflavm was lower. Therefore, the dietary composition of Shanghai population was imperatively adjusted.