OBJECTIVE:To explore the willingness-to-pay and influential factors of citizens for angina pectoris treatment. METHODS:Close-ended questionnaire and open-ended questionnaire that are the two question types of contingent valuation meth-od was adopted to interview the citizens in Guiyang city by face to face and one to one,and the result was analyzed. RESULUTS:Totally 351 questionnaires were sent out and 351 were valid with effective rate of 100%. The average age was 40.72 years old (SD=16.86) with 51.28%(108 pearsons) males. And willingness-to-pay price of 67.24%(708 pearsons or times) was higher than initial setting price;an average of 457.44 yuan per month was given to the treatment with 98% effectiveness(the initial set-ting price was 200 yuan per month);and an average of 28.41 yuan per month was given to the treatment with 10% effectiveness (the initial setting price was 20 yuan per month). The better the effectiveness,the larger the willingness-to-pay value was given,a woman,belonging to the minority group,aged 45 and above,college educational level and above,or never do physical exercise gave the larger willingness-to-pay values;moreover,the larger willingness-to-pay values were given when the severity of original hypothesis health state was severe,or the questions were displayed with the high effectiveness of treatment followed the low effec-tiveness. CONCLUSIONS:The effectiveness of treatment,the order of willingness-to-pay questions,the original hypothesis of health state,the characteristics and habits of patients are the factors affecting the willingness-to-pay of patients. Contingent valua-tion method is an effective way to investigate the willingness-to-pay values.

BACKGROUND: With the popularization of higher education in China and the contribution of undergraduates to all the future social fields, the attitude and cognition of undergraduates on the human organ donation will undoubtedly influence the attitude and cognition of the future whole society on the organ transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the attitude and cognition of undergraduates on the human organ donation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Investigation analysis was conducted in March 2008 at the Neijiang Teachers Institute and Jiangnan University. PARTICIPANTS: Questionnaire survey was carried out among 606 undergraduates. METHODS: Open questionnaire containing 2 questions was used in the survey. Students in one class were all investigated, and content analysis was done using uniform coding, and frequency and its percentage were used as statistical indexes. The 2 questions were: Whether you are in favor of cadaver organ donation or not? Whether you are in favor of healthy people to donate their organs or not? MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whether undergraduates are in favor of cadaver organ donation and living organ donation, and their corresponding reasons. RESULTS: 606 questionnaires were all taken back. 819 person-times were in favor of cadaver organ donation while 77 person-times opposed. Most of the undergraduates recognized cadaver organ donation from the ethics angle, then from effect, psychology and fair angle. 448 person-times were in favor of living organ donation while 392 person-times opposed. Most of the undergraduates recognized living organ donation from the ethics and effect angle, students who recognized this from the psychology angle opposed living organ donation, students who recognized this from the fair and other angle also opposed living organ donation. CONCLUSION: Living organ donation put the undergraduates in an embarrassing situation with conflicting opinions. The undergraduates think that living organ donation cost too much and it is unfair for healthy people to donate. The undergraduates are virtuous and have strong willing to extend themselves and to be perfect, while some undergraduates cannot accept organ donation because of the traditional ideas.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the economics of Yindan xintai dropping pills in the treatment of angina pectoris caused by coronary heart disease from societal perspectives. METHODS:Therapy regimens related to Yindan xintai dropping pills and con-trol regimens were selected from published literatures included in database,and the cost of therapy regimens and clinical effect data were extracted from literatures. Contingent evaluation method was used to measure people's willingness-to-pay for angina pectoris treatments. An econometric model was conducted to transfer the effectiveness data to benefit data. The economics of treatment was evaluated depending upon net benefit or incremental net benefit indicator. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:When Yindan xintai drop-ping pills is used alone,its net benefit is >0,indicating economical advantage;56 d therapy regimen is better than 28 d therapy. When Yindan xintai dropping pills were combined with glyceryl trinitrate tablet,Isosorbide mononitrate sustained-release tablet, Simvastatin dispersible tablet and other drugs,its incremental net benefit is better than control regimens and has good economics.

Objective To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of Caudatin combined with Gefitinib on Gefitinib resistance induced by HGF in PC-9.Methods Model of EGFR-TKIs resistance in PC-9 cells was induced by exogenous HGF and co-cultured with MRC-5.Caudatin was tested as a drug resistant modulator to reverse the resistance of Gefitinib in PC-9 cells induced by HGF by MTT assay.Western blot was performed to observe the mechanism of Caudatin combined with Gefitinib reversing the resistance of PC-9 induced by HGF.Results The resistance of gefitinib to PC-9 was induced by exogenous HGF and co-cultured with MRC-5 which could reduce relative inhibitory rate ( P<0.05 ) .Neither caudatin ( 0-32 μM ) or Gefitinib (1μM) alone could significantly inhibit proliferation of PC-9 in the presence of HGF, which could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by Caudatin combined with Gefitinib ( P<0.05 ); Caudatin combined with Gefitinib down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of Met and PI3K/Akt simultaneously (P<0.05).Conclusion Caudatin could reverse the drug resistance of Gefitinib in PC-9 induced by HGF, the mechanism of which may be related to the inhibition of Met/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Objective To discuss the major cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors and volume load of women.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on adult women who came to our hospital for health examination.The clinical data included age, past medical history, smoking history, drinking history, body measurements (height, body weight, blood pressure, etc.), and blood serum creatinine, hemoglobin, blood glucose, blood lipid and other biochemical indicators were detected.Using the human body composition analyzer, the extracellular fluid (ECW), intracellular fluid (ICW), total water(TBW), and ECW/TBW ratio (E/T) were used to evaluate the capacity of the cells.Total body water(TBWwatson) was Calculated according to Watson formula.The clustering of four major CVD risk factors (defined as two or more of the following: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and overweight) and their association with volume load were investigated.Volume load was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis.Hypovolaemia was defined as extracellular water/total body water (ECW/TBW) at and under the 10 percentile for the normal population.Logistic regression model was use to explore the relationship between capacity status and risk factors of CVD.Results A total of 2 433 women (mean age (37.4±7.3) years old) were enrolled in the study, 14.7％ of them had clustering of CVD risk factors.Hypovolaemia in clustering group was statistically higher than either in the single or in the none risk factor group, which was 18.2％, 11.9％, 6.7％, respectively (x2 =45.4, P＜0.001).After adjusted for potential confounders (including age, hemoglobin, serum uric acid, estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hypovolaemia was associated with clustering of CVD risk factors, with an OR of 2.76 (95％ CI 1.93-3.95).Conclusion Hypovolaemia is associated with clustering of major CVD risk factors in women, which further confirms the importance of modifying lifestyle to reduce the burden of CVD.

Objective To analyze the distribution and content characteristics of highly cited pa pers in Chinese nursing journals,in order to give a reference for nursing researchers to design their studies and to improve more high quality nursing papers.Methods Nursing papers were searched from database of China Academic Journal Network.Papers cited 100 times or more were collected for statistical analysis.Results There were 266 nursing papers cited 100 times or more.They were found in 9 nursing journals,of which Chinese Nursing Journal was 69.1％.The paper most highly cited was 1 298 times.The contents of highly cited papers covered basic nursing (infusion nursing and air way nursing),health education,nursing management (safety management,nursing laws,and nursing profession protection),humanistic care,psychological nursing care,and pressure of nurses.Conclusions In order to produce high quality of nursing paper,nursing researchers should improve their academic sensitivity,pay more attention to the scientific fronts,emphasize basic nursing research and study persistent.

Objective To assess the quality of examination paper,level of examination paper proposition,teachers' teaching quality and teaching effect by sampling inspection of examination paper.Methods Examination papers of 85 courses were quantitatively assessed by using evaluation form of Examination Paper Quality of Anhui Medical University.Results Propositions of papers were well or largely complied with the requirements of syllabus.2.4％ of examination papers had content errors.Students' scores of 91.6％ papers were in normal distribution.Quality of papers was improved year by year,but was significantly different among public basic courses,specialized basic courses and specialized courses(x2 =8.865,P =0.042).The qualitative analysis results showed that there were shortcomings in proposition,grading,paper analysis and archiving.Conclusions Management of examination paper is needed to improve the quality of teaching and studying and pave the way for the undergraduate teaching evaluation.

Objective To study the effect of the Hushengujingfang (HSGJF), a traditional Chinese prescription, on the biological behaviour of rat mesangial cell (MC). Methods MC was cultured in vitro, and the serologic pharmacology method was employed. The cells were divided into serum groups of HSGJF, LPS group and control group. Added the different concentration actors to MC and cocultured then made into unicell suspension. After examining it by flow cytometry, the percentage of G 0 /G 1 period, S period, G 2 /M period in cell cycle and the inhibition percentage of S period and cell proliferation index were calculated. Result The actors of different concentration had different effects to the multiplication cycle of MC and delayed the entry of cell cycle at G 0 /G 1 period. HSGJF induced apoptosis of MC. Conclusion One of action mechanism of HSGJF treating mesangial proliferative nephritis and other renal glomerular diseases is to inhibit MC proliferation and promote apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the mechanisms of angiotensinⅡ receptor blockade in protection against kidney lesion in hypertensive rats.Methods The investigation was comprised with normotensive control (WKY) and hypertensive group (SHR) which included treated and untreated group. Relevant index such as blood pressure and ultrastructural changes in glomerulus with transmission electronic microscope were acquired in three-month old and eight-month old. Losartan was administrated with 20mg?Kg -1 ?d -1 in treated group.Results The volume density of vessel endothelium, mesangial cells and mesangial area of SHR was significantly larger than that of WKY(P

Objective To investigate whether ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor-1(OAZI-1) can enhance the immunogenicity of Melan-A and induce antitumor immune effect in the experimental animals.Methods The eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(-) /OAZI-1, pcDNA3.1 (-)/Melan-A and pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A-OAZI-1 were constructed and used to immunize BALB/c mice.The spleen lymphocytes were prepared from the immunized mice and then used to determine the lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry assay and tumor-killing activity by LDH release assay.The blood samples were collected from the immunized mice and used to test the serum INF-γ by ELISA.Results The eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(-)/OAZI-1, pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A and pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A-OAZI-1 were successfully constructed.All three gene vaccines could increaseCD4+ T cell ratio (P<0.05), among of them, the ratio in the pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A-OAZI-1 and pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A immunized groups increased more significantly than other groups but no obvious differences was observed between these two groups.Similarly, all three gene vaccines could also increased CD8+T cells ratio significantly (P<0.05), but, comparing with all other groups, the highest increase was observed in the pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A-OAZI-1 immune group (P<0.05).The pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A-OAZI-1 gene vaccines significantly increased cytotoxic activity of the spleen lymphocyte in the immune mice(P<0.05).Among the three gene vaccines only pcDNA3.1(-)/Melan-A-OAZI-1 could significantly increased the INF-γ level in the mice serum (P<0.05).Conclusions OAZI-1 can improve antitumor immunity by promoting tumor antigen presentation.