Bronchopulmonary dysplasia( BPD),a serious disease in premature infant,obviously reduces the quality of life in the survivors.The etiological factors and pathological mechanism of BPD are very complicated.BPD caused by hyperoxia is associated with imbalance between the ability of antioxidation and the oxidation in body.There is a very close relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction,which influence each other and play a critical role in the development of BPD.Reactive oxygen species as a second message regulate many nuclear factors related to the proliferation and apoptosis of cells,which probably are the important mechanisms that oxygen stresses promote the development of BPD from gene level.The intervention of prevention and treatment in BPD are still at the exploration stage.This paper summarizes the intrinsic link between oxidative stress induced by high concentration oxygen and BPD,and the prevention and treatment in BPD by antioxidant.

Acute and chronic anemias are frequently seen in patients of ICU.Besides the underlying diseases,anemia can also be induced by the examination and treatment.In this paper,the reasons of iatrogenic anemia were analyzed.On the base of the essential diagnosis and treatment,it is helpful to improve the prognosis of ICU patients by strengthening the administration of blood collection.The risk of iatrogenic anemia could be minimized by making a reasonable project of blood transfusion.

Acute liver failure (ALF)in children is life-threatening clinical syndrome.There is an obvious difference between children and adults in the definition of ALF.The etiologies of ALF in children are related to virus infection,inherited metabolic diseases and drug intoxication.But in the infants,the etiological factors are significantly different to the elder children in ALF.The definition and etiology of ALF in children are reviewed in the paper.

Invasive fungal disease( IFD)in children can be life-threatening. Because of no differenti-al clinical manifestations,the early treatment is difficult. In this paper,according to the relevant literatures and clinical practices in recent years,we reviewed the commonly used antifungal drugs and the choices of treat-ment of invasive fungal disease in children.

Most crit call y ill children have severe stress,the metabolic changes are speic fic and com-plex.Enternal nutritio n and early enternal nutrition can maintenance the nutrition metabolism andp rotect the intestinal mucosal bar ier na d digestive fnu ction.It also improve the perufs ion of tissue,regulate the immune, and significantly reduce the infection and the incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,reduce the occurrence of infection,so as to improve the rp ognosi .It has broad prospects for cliniacl application.Early enteral nutrition is the focus of this ap per,in order to provide some reference for the treatment of critci ally ill chli dren.

Nosocomial infections take a tremendous impact to patients and curative activities in PICU.The occuring and developing of nosocomial infections are in close relation to the different internal and external environments of the patients.The incidence rate of nosocomial infections can be effectively reduced by the control of environmental factors in timely and reasonably.This paper reviewed the related internal and external environment factors and control measures in PICU nosocomial infections.

Objectives To determine the effects of Matrine (Ma) on signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1, 3, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and platelet -derived growth factor (PDGF) in glomerular mesangial cells (MC) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and to explore the protective mechanisms of Ma. Methods Ma were added to cultured glomerular mesangial cells which were exposed to LPS for 12, 24 and 48 hours. Real time polymerase chain reaction were used to determine STAT1, 3, CTGF, PDGF mRNA, The protein expression of STATI, 3 and p-STAT1, 3 were observed by Western blot. Results Compared with the control group, MC proliferation of the LPS group (10μg/ml) significantly increased, which were suppressed in the Ma (320 μg/ml) group (P < 0.01) at 12, 24, 48 hours. The expression of STAT1, 3, CTGF, PDGF mRNA and the levels of p-STAT1 , p-STAT3 protein was significantly increased in MC under LPS medium at 12, 24, 48 hours, which were obviously lower in Ma group than those of the LPS group, especially at 24, 48 hours. Conclusions The protective mechanisms of Matrine is considered to down-regulate the expression of STAT1, 3, CTGF and PDGF.

Objective To study the effect of oxymatrine on p-STAT3 and PIAS3 signaling molecule and it's mRNA expression in the proliferation of the human mesangial cells (HMCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and to explore their relationship. Methods HMCs were divided into three groups: control group, LPS group and oxymatrine group. HMC proliferation was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Type Ⅳ collagen in the supernatants of the cultured HMCs was detected by ELISA at 12, 24, 48 hours respectively. At the same time, the protein and mRNA expressions of p-STAT3 and PIAS3 were measured by Western blot and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Results The cell proliferation, the mRNA and protein expression of type Ⅳ collagen, p-STAT3 in LPS group were increased compared with the control group (P<0.01), but they were decreased in oxymatrine group (P < 0.01). The expressions of protein and mRNA of PIAS3 in LPS group were decreased significantly compared with control group (P<0.01), but they were increased in oxymatrine group (P<0.01). Conclusion Oxymatrine can down-regulate the expression of p-STAT3 and up-regulate the expression of PIAS3, which plays an important role in the process of LPS-induced HMCs proliferation.

Objective To observe the effect of oxymatrine(OM) on the expressions of p-STAT1 and PIAS1 signaling molecules at protein and mRNA levels in the proliferation of the human mesangial cells(HMC) induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and explore the relationship between them.Methods HMCs were primarily cultured from a 4-month-old aborted human fetus(with informed consent and approved by the Ethics Committee of Lanzhou University),and then divided into 3 groups,that is,control group,LPS group(10 ng/ml) and OM group(LPS 10 ng/ml and OM 320 mg/L).After cultured for 12,24 and 48 h respectively,HMC proliferation were analyzed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay and type Ⅳ collagen in the supernatants were detected by ELISA.At the same time points,the cells lysates were collected for the mRNA and protein expressions of p-STAT1 and PIAS1 by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis.Results The cell proliferation of LPS group was faster and the type Ⅳ collagen protein was increased more than the control group(P

Objective To investigate modulatory effects of Neb-SNP on inflammatory response and to explore the protection mechanisms of Neb-SNP in newborn piglets with ARDS. Methods Forty-five neonatal swines were randomly divided into five groups:group A (controlled group ,n = 9), group B (physiological saline group,n =9),group C (Neb-SNP 1 mg/ml,0. 9% NaCl, n = 9), group D (Neb-SNP 5 mg/ml,0. 9% NaCl, n = 9) and group E (Neb-SNP 10 mg/ml,0. 9% NaCl, n = 9). The pathological changes and activity of NF-κB in the lung tissue ,TNF-α ,IL-10 and IL-12 concentrations in serum at 30 minutes,60 minutes and 120 minutes after aerosol inhalation were observed. Results Activity of NF-κB and serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-12 in the Neb-SNP treated group were lower than group B(P ＜0. 05) ,and serum IL-l0 concentration was obviously higher in the Neb-SNP group(P ＜0. 05). With an increase of Neb-SNP concentration,activity of NF-κB and serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-12 were obviously increased, while serum concentrations of IL-10 was increased in group D and group E than that of group C (P ＜ 0. 05).Conclusion Inhalation of Neb-SNP reduced lung injury induced ARDS through lowering NF-κB activity and inhibiting expression of harmful inflammatory cytokines.