Cerebral ischemia is one of the diseases of the central nervous system, which is harmful to the morphology and function of brain cells due to reduced cerebral blood flow. Increasingly more reports have demonstrated that spinal cord stimulation could augment the cerebral blood flow, which is expected to be a potential method for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In this article, the research progress and related problems of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of cerebral ischemia are reviewed.

Stroke is characterized by a group of acute cerebral vascular diseases which attack acutely with focal neurological deficits. Residual motor deficits often sojourn after stroke. Cortical stimulation, which is a technique developed many decades ago, has recently re-emerged as a promising method for researchers in their quest to causally probe cortical representations of sensorimotor and cognitive functions and to facilitate the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The article summarizes the research progress of cortical stimulation in the promotion of motor function recovery after stroke, the method of operation, the possible mechanisms and the prospect.

Since Hosobuchi first found that spinal cord stimulation had the effect of significantly increasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) more than two decades ago, spinal cord stimulation had attracted wide attention in the field of treating cerebral ischemia. A large number of animal and clinical studies have been performed in this field, which make it another research focus following thrombolysis and interventional therapy. This article reviews the research history, mechanisms, and current status of clinical applications of spinal cord stimulation in cerebral ischemia protection.

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of stem cell marker adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter 2 (ABCG2) in the tissue and side population (SP) of a cell line A431 of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).MethodsSP cells were separated by flow cytometry from cultured A431 cells.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay was used to evaluate the proliferative ability of,reverse transcription-PCR to determine the expression of ABCG2 in,SP and non-SP cells.Immunohistochemistry (MaxVision method) was carried out to detect the expression of ABCG2 protein in tissue specimens from 10 patients with SCC.ResultsSP cells existed in cultured A431 cells,and accounted for about 1.1％ of A431 cells.The SP cells had a stronger growth and colony-forming ability than non-SP cells did.The number of cell clones formed by SP cells and non-SP cells was 114.8 ± 4.95 and 44.5 ± 3.67,respectively,per well in a 24-well plate( t =27.92,P ＜ 0.01 ).The expression level of ABCG2 mRNA was significantly higher in SP cells than in non-SP cells(t =5.22,P＜ 0.01).There existed a small number of ABCG2 positive cells in SCC tissue,and ABCG2 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of tumor cells.ConclusionsSP cells exist in A431 cells,which have characteristics of stem cells and highly express ABCG2.ABCG2 may be a potential stem cell surface marker of SCC.

Objective:To study the effects of 17-? estradiol on capillary ultrastructure of medulla oblongata in ovariectomized rats. Methods: The 30 adult femal rats were randomly divided into ovariectomy group(A group), estradiol group(B group) and sham- ovariectomy group(C group).The rats of A group and B group were bilaterally ovariectomized ,Which were injected with normalsaline 0.1 ml/d), 17-? estradiol(20 ?g/kg?d -1) ,The rats of D group were sham- ovariectomy ,animals were injected with normalsaline(0.1 ml/d), for 6 weeks. Results:(1)The level of serum estradiol of A group was significantly decreased compared with C group(P

Objective To investigate the expression of CD200 in peripheral lymphocytes and hair follicles from patients with alopecia areata (AA).Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD200 in peripheral lymphocytes from 43 patients with AA and 43 healthy controls.Immunohistochemistry was carried out to quantify the expression of CD200 and cytokeratin 15(CK15,a marker for basal cells of the outer root sheath) in resected scalp specimens from 8 patients with AA and 8 healthy controls.Differences in the expression of CD200 and CK15 between the patients and controls were assessed by independent-samples t test and rank sum test.Data were processed by the software SPSS17.0.Results The percentage of CD200-expressing cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes and T lymphocytes was significantly lower in the patients with AA than in the healthy controls (5.73％ ± 3.46％ vs.12.01％ ± 4.90％,8.85％ ± 4.80％ vs.12.31％ ± 3.12％,t =6.865,3.964,respectively,both P ＜ 0.05).However,no significant difference was observed in the percentage of CD200-expressing cells in peripheral blood B lymphocytes between the patients and controls (74.68％ ± 8.12％ vs.75.75％ ± 9.45％,t =0.570,P ＞ 0.05).Further more,the patients showed a lower expression of CD200 (P ＜ 0.05),but a similar expression of CK15 (P ＞ 0.05) in hair follicles compared with the controls.Conclusion The decrease in CD200 expression in peripheral lymphocytes and hair follicles may be involved in the pathogenesis of AA.

Objective To disscuss and analyze the clinical effects of whole body mild hypothermia on MODS caused by cerebral hemorrhage.Methods One hundred and eighty patients with MODS caused by cerebral hemorrhage during the period of hospitalized from January 2013 to December 2015 in ICU of our hospital were divided into two groups (observation group and control group) randomly,90 cases patients in each group.Patients in control group were treated with conventional treatment intervention,patients in control group were treated with whole body mild hypothermia on the base of conventional treatment intervention,the score of MODS,the ratio of,VO2 and DO2,the time during the period of hospitalized in ICU,the time of mechanical ventilation,epilepsy incidence and mortality,NIHSS score and PADL score of the patients in these two group after treatment were compared.Results After the comparion,the score of MODS and the state of oxygen consumption and oxygen supply of the patients in observation group were better than the patients in control group,there was significant differences,and had statistical significance (P＜0.05);the time during the period of hospitalized in ICU and the time of mechanical ventilation of the patients in observation group were shorter than the patients in control group,there was significant difference,and had statistical significance (P＜0.05);the mortality were reduce significantly of the patients in observation group than the patients in control group,there was significant difference,and had statistical significance (P＜0.05);the epilepsy incidence of the patients in observation group and control has no significant difference,has no statistical significance (P＞0.05);the NIHSS score and PADL score of the patients in observation group were higher than the patients in control group,there was significant difference,and has statistical significance (P＜0.05).Conclusion The clinical effects of whole body mild hypothermia on MODS caused by cerebral hemorrhage have important significance,can effectively improve the balance of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome patients,can delay the progression of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome patients,improve the prognosis,it is worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Objective To examine whether mild hypothermia can decrease the incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in patients after intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods Forty-eight patients with intracerebral hemorrhage,admitted to our hospital from March 2014 to December 2015,were divided into two groups:one was treated with mild hypothermia,and another was treated with normal methods after the surgery;the incidence of MODS was calculated between the two groups.Serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and E4 promoter-binding protein 4 (E4BP4) levels were measured with Simple Western in peripheral blood lymphocytes one,two,5,7,14 and 21 d after surgery.Results The incidence of MODS in patients with mild hypothermia treatment was 11.11％ and that in patients with normal treatment was 28.57％,with significant difference (P＜0.05).The IL-10 and E4BP4 levels in patients with mild hypothermia treatment were significantly higher than those in patients with normal treatment (P＜0.05).Conclusion Mild hypothermia can decrease the incidence of MODS in patients after intracerebral hemorrhage,IL-10 has some role,and E4BP4 is associated with release of interleukin-10.