This article introduced the treatment of chronic renal insufficiency by by retention enema with Chinese medicine, and analysed its mechanism and the application status quo. It explorated the way to delaying the development of chronic renal insufficiency patients into the blood or peritoneal dialysis process positively.

Objective:To establish a method for the content determination of total nitrogen in Nidus Vespae by salicylic acid and sodium hypochlorite spectrophotometry. Methods:The content of total nitrogen in Nidus Vespae from different areas with various batches was detected. Nidus Vespae was treated with sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and colored by salicylic acid and sodium hypochlo-rite. Using ammonium chloride as the control sample, the content of total nitrogen in the samples was tested at 650 nm. To ensure the method reliability, single factor experiments were performed to study the effects of temperature, reaction time and reagent dosage; or-thogonal experiments were used to screen optimum amounts of phosphate buffer solution, sodium salicylate solution and sodium hypo-chlorite solution. Results:The results showed that the optimum temperature was ambient, and the optimum time was 1. 5h. The opti-mum amount of phosphate buffer solution , sodium salicylate solution and sodium hypochlorite solution was 4 ml,7 ml and 1. 5 ml, re-spectively. The linear range of total nitrogen was 0. 06-0. 78 μg·ml-1(r=0. 9998), and the average recovery was 100. 98% (RSD=2. 10%,n=6). Conclusion:The method can be used to determine the total nitrogen content in Nidus Vespae. The total nitrogen content in Nidus Vespae is various in various areas with different batches.

Objective: To establish a new method and limit of detection for Flavonoids content in Fructus Crataegi. Methods: Flavonoids in Fructus Crataegi in 10 regions was determined by colorimetry. Results: Content of Flavonoids in samples selected from 10 regions ranged 0.84%～3.62%. Content of hyperoside by colorimetry is correlative to that by HPLC. Conclusion: The method is simple, quick and reproducible. Flavonoid content in Fructus Crataegi was designed no less than 1.0%, extraction must be performed under 60?C and dried to constant weight for 6 hours.

Object To look for the proprietary constituent and the constituents with blood lipid regulating effect from the dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge var major N E Br Methods Various column chromatographic techniques were employed for isolation and purification of the constituents UV, IR, EI MS, FAB MS, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR, HMBC, HMQC and 13 CGATE were used to identify the structure of the isolated constituents Results Six compounds were isolated from the fruit of C pinnatifida They were identified as 5, 7, 4′ trihydroxy flavone 8 C ? L rhamnopyranosyl (1→2) ? D glucopyranoside, i e vitexin rhamnoside (Ⅰ), hyperoside (Ⅱ), citric acid (Ⅲ), vitexin (Ⅳ), quercetin (Ⅴ), ursolic acid (Ⅵ) Conclusion Compound Ⅰ is a proprietary constituent in the fruit of C pinnalifida, which was obtained from this plant for the first time Compound Ⅱ is a main constituent with blood lipid reducing effect in flavonoids

We carried out a new unit-based method in the teaching process of epidemiology for improving undergraduate prevention-oriented medical students' comprehensive ability. The new method integrated heuristic teaching and case teaching, and focused reform on the system of teaching and assessment. The results showed new teaching method can significantly improve students' capacity of analysis and oral expression, and contributes to the comprehensive ability.

Objective To study the clinical effect of qi supplementation combined with rehabilitation on the severity of fatigue after ischcmic stroke in patients with qi deficiency. Methods Ninety ischemic stroke patients with qi deficiency were randomly divided into 3 groups of 30. The treatment group was treated with an oral decoction of qi-supplementing Chinese medicine and also rehabilitation. The Western medicine control group was treated with a Chinese medicine placebo, Western medicine and rehabilitation. The blank control group was treated with the Chinese medicine placebo and rehabilitation. All groups were evaluated using a stroke-specific quality of life scale ( SSQOL) and a fatigue severity scale (FSS) before and 4 weeks after treatment. Results After treatment, the average SS-QOL and FSS scores had improved significantly compared with those before treatment, especially in the two treatment groups. There was a significant difference between the treatment group and the Western medicine control group,and between the treatment group and the blank control group on both scales. There was also a significant difference between the Western medicine control group and the blank control group in terms of SS-QOL scores, but not FSSscores. Conclusion All 3 treatments alleviated fatigue in ischemic stroke patients with a qi deficiency. Qi supplementation combined with rehabilitation was the most effective, followed by Western medicine combined with rehabilitation.

The species of bromine and iodine in aerosol samples were extracted using ultra-pure water-ultrasonic method with different time in-length and pressurizing decomposition with dilute ammonia, respectively. The efficiency of extraction and the stability of bromine and iodine species were compared under different extraction) conditions. Results showed that(1) the efficiency of extraction using pressurizing decomposition, which might destroy some unknown form of organic iodine, was relatively higher than the one by ultrasonic method;(2) I~- was unstable in added standard cellular blank filter during ultrasonic assisted extraction for long time;(3) The optimum condition was ultra-pure water-ultrasonic assisted extraction for 5 min. Moreover), the suitability of glass microfiber filter(GF) and cellular filter(CF) during extraction for bromine and iodine) species in aerosol was also compared, which indicated that GF is favorable for species analysis than CF under different kinds of extraction conditions. Based upon the extraction results, HPLC-ICP-MS approach was developed to analyze bromine and iodine) species in atmospheric aerosol. The total iodine, bromine and species in the aerosol samples collected in Hefei were then determined accordingly. The levels of total bromine and iodine) in Hefei aerosols were 883 and 231 pmol/m~3, respectively. Br~- was found to be dominant species with 68%, while BrO_3~- was undetectable. 70% of total iodine occurred as unidentified forms including soluble organic) iodine and insoluble iodine.

Objective:To evaluate the toxicity of NaHCO3 coagulated silica gel for coating on the zirconia bonding surface in vivo. Methods:The silica gel was subjected to short term systemic toxicity test by delayed-type hypersensitivity test by oral route and oral mucosa irritation test according to the YY/T 0244-1 996 standards,T1 6886.1 0-2005 /ISO 1 0993-1 0:2002 standards and YY/T 01 27. 1 3-2009 standards respectively.Results:In the short term systemic acute toxicity tested mice there was no significant difference in the weekly food utilization rate and relative body weight growth rate between the experimental and control groups.No abnormality and path-ological change were observed.The delayed-type hypersensitivity test showed that no erythema and edema reaction presented in all the test cavies after 24 and 48 h of stimulation contact,and the sensitization rate was 0.There was no local or systemic pathological change in all the oral mucosa irritation test animals.Conclusion:NaHCO3 procoagulant silica gel has no in vivo toxicity.

Objective To study the responsibilities of nurses at different levels in providing clini cal care for patients in wards.Methods On the basis of conducting hierarchical management on nurses,the tasks of nurses in providing patients in wards with clinical care were summed up by means of data analysis and field observation.According to the tasks,a questionnaire about the responsibilities of nurses at all levels was designed.The 132 nurses from a Grade-3 Class-A general hospital in Chongqing Municipality who were responsible for providing clinical cares for patients in wards completed these questionnaires.Results Nurses in charge of providing clinical care for patients in wards usually undertook 11 tasks which could be divided into four aspects,which were,clinical nursing,nursing management,teaching on nursing and research into nursing.Based on the 11 tasks,44 responsibilities these nurses shouldered were defined,which included 4 responsibilities for N0-level nurses,6 for N1-level nurses,10 for N2-level nurses,11 for N3-level nurses,8 for N4-level nurses and 5 for N5-level nurses.Conclusions By defining in a scientific and systematic way the responsibilities and tasks of nurses at different levels in providing clinical cares for patients in wards,the research offered clinical nurses clear guidance on their work,and provided basis for the hospital's decision on clinical nurses,such as the personnel allocation,performance assessment and training; it could also help promote the position management on the work of nurses in China.

Objective To investigate the real experiences of nurses participating in the treatment of patients with new respiratory infectious diseases. Method The semi-structural interview method was used to carry out in-depth interviews with 8 nurses who were involved in the whole process of treatments and cares of patients with SARS and H1N1 influenza to understand their real experiences. Result The nurses, who participated in the treatment and care to patients with new respiratory infectious diseases, experienced such emotions of nervousness, excitement, anxiety, fear, exhaustion, obtained support from their families, hospitals, society and meanwhile recognized their lack of professional knowledge and clinical skills. Conclusion The nurses participating in the treatment of patients with new respiratory infectious diseases should be given strengthened professional training , psychological and social support.