Objective To evaluate the role of EP_2 in synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus of hippocampus. Methods Field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP) were recorded at the perforated path-granule neurons in dentate gyrus in vitro. Results ① Butaprost, an agonist of EP_2, enhanced the synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus and decreased the paired-pulse ratio, and these effects were reversed by bath application of AH6809 (EP_2 antagonist). ② Application of Forskolin alone or with AH6809 elevated the slope of fEPSP. ③ The Butaprost-induced responses were mediated via PKA, ERK and IP_3 signal pathways. Conclusion Multiple signal pathways were involved in the EP_2 activation-mediated enhancement of synaptic transmission.

Objective To explore the role of cyclooxgense-2 (COX-2) in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced inhibition of long-term depression (LTD) in CA1 area in vitro. Methods The hippocampal slices were prepared at 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of Δ~9-THC (10 mg/kg) or COX-2 inhibitor NS398 (10 mg/kg). Field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP) were recorded in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 area in vitro to observe the effect of NS398, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, on the THC-induced inhibition of LTD and THC's effect on membrane excitability in pyramidal neurons by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Results ① Low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz, 15 min) induced-LTD in CA1 area was significantly attenuated by Δ9-THC. ② Δ~9-THC did not affect the basal synaptic transmission and membrane excitability (including membrane resting potentials, input resistance and firing property). ③ THC-induced inhibition of LTD was reversed by NS398. ④ THC-induced inhibition of LTD was robustly impaired in COX-2 knockout mice. Conclusion THC-induced inhibition of LTD in CA1 area was mediated via COX-2.

Objective To evaluate the role of Src kinase in the induction and maintenance of spinal long-term potentiation(LTP).Methods The C-fiber evoked field potentials were recorded at the superficial layers of spinal dorsal horn at the lumbar enlargement.Results ① Genistein(200?mol/L) or PP2(100?mol/L),a selective Src kinase inhibitor,completely blocked LTP induction when administered at 30min prior to tetanic stimulation.② Genistein or PP2 reversed spinal LTP in a time-dependent manner.At 15min after LTP induction,Genistein(200?mol/L) or PP2(100?mol/L) reversed LTP completely.At 30min after LTP induction,however,the same concentration of Genistein or PP2 did not affect the spinal LTP.Conclusion Activation of Src kinase in spinal dorsal horn may be crucial for the induction and early-phase maintenance of LTP of C-fiber evoked field potentials.

Objective To explore the role of cyclooxgense-2(COX-2) in tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)-induced inhibition of long-term depression(LTD) in CA1 area in vitro.Methods The hippocampal slices were prepared at 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of ?9-THC(10 mg/kg) or COX-2 inhibitor NS398(10 mg/kg).Field excitatory post-synaptic potentials(fEPSP) were recorded in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 area in vitro to observe the effect of NS398,a selective inhibitor of COX-2,on the THC-induced inhibition of LTD and THC's effect on membrane excitability in pyramidal neurons by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Results ① Low-frequency stimulation(1 Hz,15 min) induced-LTD in CA1 area was significantly attenuated by ?9-THC.② ?9-THC did not affect the basal synaptic transmission and membrane excitability(including membrane resting potentials,input resistance and firing property).③ THC-induced inhibition of LTD was reversed by NS398.④ THC-induced inhibition of LTD was robustly impaired in COX-2 knockout mice.Conclusion THC-induced inhibition of LTD in CA1 area was mediated via COX-2.

There are multiple sophisticated approaches that can be used in estimations on health effects resulting from environmental pollution. By comparison, human capital approach and averted expenditure approach are not suitable to be the first choice because of the insufficient capability of capturing all aspects of health effects. Date availability and estimation extrapolation limit the application of hedonic wage approach and hedonic price approach. It has been accepted universally for the flexible technique provided by contingent valuation approach that any health effects can be separately evaluated depending on researchers' purposes. Based on the powerful macroeconomic theory, general equilibrium theory, the CGE model is powerful to simulate the mechanism of interaction between multi-sectors with a national economic system so as to objectively reflect the health impacts on national economy due to environmental pollution.

Objective To observe the short-term effects of intravaginal electrical stimulation on postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods 64 puerperants with stress urinary incontinence postnatal 42 d were divided into treatment group (n=28) and control group (n=36). They all participated postpartum health training, and the puerperants in the treatment group accepted intravaginal electronic stimulation for 12 weeks. They were assessed with questionaire, standardized pad test, strength of pelvic floor muscle and the cure rate 6 and 12 months postnatal. Results All the indexes improved in the treatment group compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Intravaginal electrical stimulation was effective on postpartum stress urinary incontinence.

Objective To explore the effict of Jiegu-Qili tablet combined with intramedullary interlocking nails in the treatment of the fracture of tibia and fibula. Methods A total of 80 patients with fracture of tibia and fibula were selected, and were divided into two groups according to odd and even number of hospitalization. The surgery group (39 patients) was given intramedullary interlocking nails, the surgery and drug group (41 patients) was given Jiegu-Qili tablet combined with intramedullary interlocking nails. The perioperative parameters, the rate of fracture healing, knee scores and complications were evaluated during 12 months. Results The hospitalization (14.43 ± 2.47 d vs. 21.63 ± 3.16 d, t=11.385, P<0.01) and fracture healing time (5.22 ± 1.05 m vs. 9.75 ± 0.97 m, t=20.016, P<0.05) of the surgery and drug group was shorter than that of the surgery group. The fracture healing rate of surgery and drug group (92.7%vs. 76.9%,χ2=3.894, P<0.05) was higher than that of the surgery group. After 6 months surgery, the pain, activity, stability and KSS scores (21.60 ± 1.60 vs. 19.50 ± 1.90, 22.7 ± 2.8 vs.18.70 ± 2.40, 23.50 ± 2.40 vs. 19.40 ± 1.80, 89.20 ± 9.30 vs. 78.00 ± 8.30) of the surgery and drug group were higher than that of the surgery group (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance on walking ability between two groups (21.40 ± 2.50 vs. 20.40 ± 2.20, P>0.05). During 12 months follow-up, there were no statistical significance on complications between two group (7.3%vs.15.4%,χ2=1.303, P>0.05). Conclusions In summary, the Jiegu-Qili tablet combined with intramedullary interlocking nails had a good therapeutic effect on the fracture of tibia and fibula. It could increase the speed of fracture healing, shorten the hospitalization, reduce the postoperative pain and improve the activity of patients.

Objective To realize antimicrobial resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)and it’s correlation with antimicrobial use density(AUD),and to provide reference for control of healthcare-associated infec-tion.Methods From July 2011 to December 2013,antimicrobial resistance rate of P. aeruginosa isolated from hospi-talized patients and AUD of patients were monitored,and the correlation between them was analyzed.Results AUD of patients decreased from 73.61 in the third and fourth quarters of 2011 to 41.33 in the same quarters of 2013. Corre-lation coefficient of AUD and antimicrobial resistance rate of P. aeruginosa was -0.32~0.88,correlation coeffi-cient of resistance rate of P. aeruginosa to aztreonam and aztreonam use density was 0.88,there was statistical sig-nificance. Conclusion AUD of hospitalized patients revealed a decreasing tendency,suggesting antimicrobial selec-tive resistance should be considered in clinic.

This paper analyzed the disadvantages of traditional model in clinical surgery education,introduced the concept,basal evaluating methods and effects of evidence-based medicine and discussed the methods of evidence-based medicine education in clinical surgery teaching.

Objective To explore the roles of biomarkers of the ratios of microRNA (miRNA)in osteosarcoma.Methods The blood samples from 20 patients with osteosarcoma and 30 healthy people with similar age were choosed.The miRNA expression profiles were filtered by gene chips of high flux.The results were verified by qRT-PCR.The miRNA expression ratio was analysed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curve aiming to find the most predictive potential combination-type markers.Results Two hundred and fifty-eight miRNAs were found to be significantly deregulated in blood samples from 30 patients with osteo-sarcoma as compared with their matching normal blood samples (F=5.564,P<0.05).Four miRNAs were choosed from blood samples of22 patients with osteosarcoma and normal blood samples.MiR-181b,miR-199b-5p and miR-451 were significantly higher than that in normal blood sample (F=6.283,P<0.05),while miR-124 showed low expression (F=7.201,P<0.05).Furthermore,the ratio of miR-199b-5p/miR-124 showed a high sensitivity (96%)and specificity (97%).Conclusion The abnormal expression of miRNA in osteosar-coma makes it have a predictive effect.The ratio of miR-199b-5p/miR-124 could be served as combination-type biomarkers in the diagnosis of osteosarcoma.