This study was aimed to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of diosgenin in mice. A total of 80 mice were divided into 4 groups, which were 0 (control), 100, 200, and 400 mg·kg-1 by the random number table. Intragastric administration was given once a day for 90 days in the assessment of subchronic toxicity of diosgenin among mice. The observed indexes contained body weight, fur color, diet, feces, and etc. The detected indexes contained blood routine analysis, blood biochemistry and pathological examination. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weights of mice in the male medication group were slight reduced. There were no significant hematologic and pathologic abnormalities. It was concluded that the subchronic toxicity of diosgenin with no observed adverse effect dose level was more than 400 mg·kg-1. The oral administration was relatively safe.

Objective To explore the executive function and working memory ability of patients with social phobia. Methods The study included 42 social phobia patients whose age, sex, and level of education were matched with those of a healthy control group. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Digit Span, Spatial Span, Multiple-Objects-Spatial span were used to study the executive function and working memory. Results Patients with social phobia scored higher than the control group in terms of the number of non perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ( 18. 75 ± 6. 20, 8. 89 ± 3. 22 respectively ). No differences were observed in perseverative errors and other scores between the patient and control group. Patients with social phobia scored lower than the control group in terms of Digit Span(7.25 ±1.35,8.03 ±2. 30 respectively) ,Spatial Span(6. 11±1.85,8.61 ±2.87 respectively) and Multiple-Objects-Spatial span(4.03 ± 1. 39 ,5. 18 ± 1.07 respectively). Conclusion Working memory ability in the social phobia patients is impaired, and this may cause the poor performance in patients with the social phobia in academic and social working.

This paper was aimed to study effects of diosgenin on expressions of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in synovial tissues of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats induced by bovine type II collagen, in order to investigate the possible mechanism of herbal medicine diosgenin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). After the CIA rats models were successfully established, rats were randomly divided into the blank control group, CIA model group, diosgenin group, and positive medicine control (tripterygium) group. The in situ hybridization was used to detect the expressions of AP-1 (c-fos and c-jun) in synovial tissues of the knee joint. The real-time PCR was used to detect the VEGF mRNA expression in synovial tissues of rats’ knee joints. The results showed that c-jun and c-fos, VEGF mRNA expressions in synovial tissues of rats’ knee joints were obviously higher than that of the blank control group (P<0.01). After treatment of diosgenin and tripterygium, the expressions of c-jun and c-fos, VEGF mRNA were significantly reduced (P<0.01). It was concluded that diosgenin may regulate the expression of VEGF in synovial tissues through c-jun and c-fos of AP-1 in order to inhibit synovial angiogenesis for the treatment of RA.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease induced by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Its pathogen and the mechanism of the relapse and remission m the course of the disease are still unknown. Most of the MS research centers are looking for the pathogenic polypeptide epitope in proteolipid protein(PLP), myelin sheath basic protein (MBP) and oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) OBJECTIVE: To compare the proliferation of T cell lines(TCL) in MS induced by myelin sheath and delipidated myelin sheath towards 11 components of myelin sheath to mainly search the possible pathogenic polypeptide epitope in PLP, and investigate the possible effects of abnormal dcgrease in myelin sheath.DESIGN: A case-controlled trial.SETTING: Department of neurology in a hospital of a university.PARTICIPANTS: Mononuclear cells(MNC) of 16 MS cases(clinical relapsing-remitting type, patients did not receive any immunosuppresant for at least 3 months when their peripheral blood samples were taken) and 12 HLA-DR15 healthy volunteers were furnished by Dr. Trotter JL of MS Research Center of Washington University from the cell database.INTERVENTIONS: MS-TCL and normal TCL were induced twice by stimulation with myelin sheath and delipidated myelin sheath in vitro by cell culture in vitro. TCL proliferation was tested by 11 antigens including PLP,MBP, M87-106, P30-49, P40-60, P89-106, P95-117, P117-137,P139-151, P178-191, and P185-206.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Difference of scintillation counting in every minute of every well, and the stimulative index of each well were calculated, and the mean wells with positive proliferation of TCL towards each antigen were confirmed as well.RESULTS: The general specific proliferation towards myelin sheath antigens was bigger in MS group than control group 5.49 ±5.31 to 3.10 ± 3. 17, and delipidated myelin sheath-induced TCL was bigger than myelin sheath-induced one 5. 49 ± 5.31 to 3.41 ± 4. 83 . Delipidated myelin sheath significantly changed the immune responses of MS group,especially the changes of responses towards P30-49, P40-60, P89-106,P117-137, P139-161, and P185-206 were significant compared with that the control group only responded to two polypeptides, which indicated that the antigen epitope of MBP, PLP, M87-106, P95-117, P40-60, and P185-206 might have significance in the triggering of MS autoimmune responses.CONCLUSION: TCL induced by MS myelin sheath has different proliferation towards antigen components of myelin sheath from control group. Delipidated myelin sheath significantly increases TCL proliferation in MS group, which suggests that if MS patients developed abnormal degrease in myelin sheath, TCL would produce autoimmune response towards self-myelin sheath, MBP, PLP and its polypeptide segments all can trigger MS or aggravate the state of the illness. Our finding supports the hypothesis of MS autoimmune pathogenic mechanism.

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of clinical symptoms and applicability of discontiguous naikan cognitive therapy(DNCT) among convalescent schizophrenic patients.MethodsApplying DNCT,100 convalescent paranoid schizophrenic patients with convalescent clinical state were consecutively recruited.All the patients were randomly divided into DNCT group and control group and were pretreated with antipsychotic agent therapy,40 patients in DNCT group and 49 patients in control group entered the statistic analysis,11 lost.In DNCT group,the patients received DNCT for successive 28 days.In control group,the patients only received antipsychotic agent therapy.Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS),Nurses'Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE) were administered to all subjects pre- and post-treatment.ResultsAfter treatment,in the study group,total PANSS scales ( (54.00 ± 10.19 ) vs (45.05 ± 5.28 ),t =5.430,P ＜ 0.01 ),the positive symptom item ((11.00±3.33) vs (9.53 ±1.85),t=3.670,P=0.01),negative symptoms item((12.15 ±4.38) vs (9.40± 2.15 ),t =4.371,P ＜ 0.01 ),general psychopathology item ( (26.90 ± 5.66) vs (22.65 ± 3.07 ) 分,t =4.494,P＜0.01 ) scored lower than before,The difference was statistically significant.PANSS study group after treatment,total scores( (45.05 ±5.28 ) vs (52.04 ± 10.36),t=-3.876 P＜0.01 ),negative symptom item score( t =- 3.789,P ＜ 0.01 ),composite item ( t =2.251,P =0.027 ),the general psychopathology item ( t =- 3.336,P =0.01 ),score significantly lower than the control group.After twelve weeks follow-up study,in the study group,PANSS total scores ( t =4.764,P ＜ 0.01 ),item score of positive symptoms ( t =2.335,P =0.025 ),negative symptoms item score( t =3.083,P =0.004) ),genial psychopathology item score ( t =4.325,P ＜ 0.01 ) was still significantly lower than before treatment,the difference was statistically significant.In study group,after treatment,NOSIE Scale total negative factors scores( t =3.083,P =0.004) were significantly lower than before,total positive factors( t =-2.446,P=0.019),the total estimated factor in the disease scores ( t =-4.730,P ＜ 0.001 )were significantly higher than before treatment.After treatment,in the study group,negative factors ( t =-3.953,P=0.000) were significantly lower than the control group,twelve weeks follow-up,study group total negative factors of NOSIE scale score( t =2.126,P =0.040) was still lower than before treatment,the difference was statistically significant,total positive factor( t =- 2.054,P =0.047 ) still higher than before treatment,the difference was statistically significant.ConclusionDNCT can possibly improve part clinical symptoms of patients with convalescent schizophrenia to a certain extent,especially negative symptom,and the impact remained to the twelve weeks,but need to further prove the effect of naikan cognitive therapy.

Objective To study the association of metabolic syndrome (MS)with cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods According to the diagnostiv criteria for MS,1457 MS patients as the research objects,who were screened out of the tangshian harbor economic development zone hospital.All patients were detected with waist circ-umference,seat systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic boold pressure(DBP),fasting Plasma glucose(FPG),total cholesterol(TC),low -density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL -C),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL -C),tri-glyceride(TG).By 3 years follow -up and the carotid ultrasound detection of carotid intima -media thickness(IMT), all the patients were divided into three groups according to the diagnosis:event group (Coronary heart disease +Hypertensive heart disease,stroke,Coronary heart disease +Hypertensive heart disease +stroke)and control group. Results The patients′SBP[(145.5 ±15.7)mmHg,(149.9 ±13.8)mmHg,(156.3 ±14.6)mmHg],DBP [(92.5 ±8.7)mmHg,(97.9 ±9.0)mmHg,(101.0 ±10.0)mmHg],FPG[(6.3 ±2.6)mmol/L,(6.0 ± 2.5)mmol/L,(6.9 ±2.6)mmol/L],TC[(5.46 ±1.28)mmol/L,(5.10 ±1.15)mmol/L,(5.37 ±1.21)mmol/L], LDL -C[(3.40 ±0.75)mmol/L,(3.08 ±0.65)mmol/L,(3.24 ±0.72)mmol/L],TG[(3.44 ±1.60)mmol/L, (3.31 ±1.52)mmol/L,(3.38 ±1.58)mmol/L]of the event group were significantly higher than the control group [(139.2 ±17.4)mmHg,(85.6 ±9.1 )mmHg,(5.5 ±2.1 )mmol/L,(1.4 ±0.4 )mmol/L,(2.59 ± 0.64)mmol/L,(2.61 ±1.28)mmol/L]and HDL -C[(1.13 ±0.38)mmol/L,(1.2 ±0.4)mmol/L,(0.9 ± 0.23)mmol/L]was significantly lower than the control group[(1.4 ±0.4)mmol/L](P <0.05).Detection rates of all the event groups were significantly higher in age[(53.4 ±6.4)years,(54.6 ±6.6)years,56.3 ±6.8)years], hypertensive heart disease(67.8%,74.8%,88.0%),high blood sugar(46.7%,42.9%,49.7%),and carotid atherosvletosis (19.9%,18.9%,29.3%)than the control group[(47.2 ±6.5)years,47.2%,24.3%,5%)](P <0.05).Conclusion There was a correlation between Mdtabolic syndrome and Cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of edaravone combined with early rehabilitation in the treat-ment of cerebral hemorrhage,and to provide clinical evidence for rehabilitation management and drug treatment of cerebral hemor-rhage patients. METHODS:168 patients with cerebral hemorrhage,collected from neurology department of our hospital during Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2014,were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 84 cases in each group. Both groups re-ceived routine treatment;observation group was additionally given edaravone intravenously on the basis of routine treatment,and be-gan to receive standardized rehabilitation treatment within 48 hours after the onset of symptom;control group began to receive stan-dardized rehabilitation treatment 2 weeks after the onset of symptom. NIHSS and MMSE score of 2 groups were conducted before re-habilitation treatment,and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference in lesion site and clinical manifestations between 2 groups on admission(P>0.05);both NIHSS and MMSE score of observation group were better than those of control group after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment,there was statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Edaravone associated with early rehabilitation can obviously improve the prognosis of patients with cerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE:To compare pharmacoeconomic and effect of Xueshuantong for injection and Ginkgo leaf extract and dipyridamole injection in the treatment of ischemic stroke. METHODS:Retrospective study was conducted. Totally 404 inpatients with ischemic stroke were divided into Xueshuantong group(271 cases)and ginkgo leaf extract and dipyridamole group(133 cas-es) according to clinical treatment programs. Based on the conventional treatment,patients in 2 groups were given Xueshuantong for injection and ginkgo leaf extract and dipyridamole injection,respectively. The average treatment course was 10 d. Cost-minimi-zation analysis was performed with the determination index of total effective rate. RESULTS:The total effective rates in Xueshuan-tong group and ginkgo leaf extract and dipyridamole group were 90.77% and 88.72%,respectively,the difference was not statisti-cally significant(P>0.05). The costs in 2 groups were 12 860.21 yuan and 13 155.40 yuan,respectively,and xueshuantong group had lower than ginkgo leaf extract and dipyridamde group. CONCLUSIONS:Both Xueshuantong for injection and Ginkgo leaf ex-tract and dipyridamole injection are effective in the treatment of ischemic stroke. However,the economy of Xueshuantong for injec-tion is superior to the other one.

Objective To explore the difference of the oxytocin levels between social phobia patients and normal controls,and the relationship of symptoms severity of social phobia with the oxytocin levels and the relationship of drug effects with oxytocin levels.Methods Twenty seven 16-26 years old social phobia patients and thirty one normal controls were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the oxytocin levels,and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was used to evaluate the symptoms severity of social phobia in patient group.Paroxetine was used to treat the patients with the drugs of 20mg per day,the Clinical Global Impression Scale were used to evaluate the drug effects after 4 weeks treatment.Results Mann-Whitney test showed there were significantly differences in oxytocin level between patients and controls ( (202.93 ± 145.06) pg/ml vs ( 152.29 ± 101.89 ) pg/ml,Z =- 1.307,P=0.030).Multiple liner regression analyses showed that the level of oxytocin was an impact factor of the severity of social phobia symptom (adjusted R2 =0.158,F=5.888,P=0.023 ).Logistic regression analyses showed that the level of oxytocin was an impact factor of the effective of drug treatment( OR=3.132,P =0.029 ).Conclusion This study indicate that the value of plasma oxytocin maybe significantly differences between social phobia and normal controls and the plasma oxytocin level maybe a factor which influence the symptoms severity and the effective of drug treatment in social phobia patients.

This study was aimed to observe the influence of Discornin Tablets on activation nuclear transcription factor NF-κBp65 of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cell model as well as the expression of MMP-9, VEGF and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and TNF-α were used for stimulating RSC-364 cells. Discornin Tablets at different concentrations were used for intervention. The influence of Discornin Tablets in different concentrations on cell viability was detected by MTT method. Expressions of NF-κBp65 and its inhibitory protein (IκB-α) in each group were detected by western blot method. Changes in VEGF, MMP-9 and TNF-α protein levels in cell broth supernatant were checked by ELISA. The results showed that Discornin Tablets can promote the expression of κB inhibitory pro-tein, reduce the high expression of NF-κB protein level, and inhibit the cellular secretion of VEGF, MMP-9 and TNF-α. It was concluded that Discornin Tablets had negative regulation effect on nuclear transcription factor κB of RSC-364 cells. It can increase the expression of IκB-α, as well as reduce the secretion of inflammation factors and blood vessel newborn factors. It suggested that Discornin Tablets may have the potential regulation effect on RA.