OBJECTIVE:To compare the dissolubility of ambroxol hydrochloride tablets from four different manufacturers METHODS:To determine the dissolubility of ambroxol hydrochloride tablets according to Chinese WS-430(X-370)-2000 RESULTS:The accumulative dissolving quantity of all preparations exceeded 80% in 45 minutes The comparison of Weibull parameters,m,T50 and Td,showed significant differences(P

Objective To explore the significance of day surgery mode on cataract patients for achieving win-win among patient, hospital and medical insurance.Methods 120 cataract patients (selected from December 2015 to June 2016, in the Ophthalmic Center of Leshan People′s hospital) were included in this retrospective study and day surgery group (n=60) was observation group and hospitalization surgery group was control one (n=60).All cases underwent cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.Treatment process, average day on the waiting list, average preoperative stay, average length of stay, medical cost and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results Days on the waiting list in day surgery group (1.2 d) reduced 8 days than in hospitalization surgery group (9.2 d).Preoperative stay in day surgery group reduced 1.5 days than in hospitalization surgery group.Length of stay ware reduced by 3 days as compared to the control group.The average medical cost in day surgery group was much less than the control group and the patient satisfaction was much higher.Conclusion The high efficiency of day surgery mode can shorten the length of hospital stay, lessen the cost of medical expense, realize the security management of medical service, so as to provide more convenience, more safety, better quality and cheaper medical service for patients.It achieves social and economic benefits and finally achieves win-win among patient, hospital and medical insurance.

Objective To investigate the protective role of human serum albumin in treatment of monocyte-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle)-associated neuroinflammation in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rats and its underlying mechanisms.Methods Vascular perforation model was used to induce SAH.Ninety-two male SD rats were randomly assigned to sham (n =23),vehicle (n =23),low-dose albumin (0.63 g/kg,n =23) and high-dose albumin (1.25 g/kg,n =23) groups.Saline and albumin were intravenously injected into rats two hours after surgery.Modified Garcia scale was employed to assess neurological functions.Iba-1 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining was used to examine the activation of microglial cells and infiltration of neutrophils.Real-time PCR was applied to determine the changes of IL-1β,inducible nitric oxide synthase,CD11b,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 and CXC motif chemokine ligand-2 mRNA levels.Co-immunoprecipitation was conducted to assess the binding ability of albumin with Mincle.Immunoblotting was carried out to evaluate protein levels of Minlce,Syk and p-Syk.SAH severity measurement was performed before conductions of all the experiments.Results SAH severity scores were 11.4 ± 1.6,12.8 ±2.5 and 11.2 ±3.2 in the vehicle,low-dose albumin and high-dose albumin groups,respectively,without statistically significant difference among groups (F =0.694,P =0.516).Neurological score was 7.5 ± 2.9 in the vehicle group,while the low-dose albumin (14.6 ± 2.2) and high-dose albumin groups (13.6 ± 2.7) exhibited better neurological perfomance (P ＜ 0.01).Immunostaining showed that albumin significantly inhibited the activation of microglia,and reduced the percentage of MPO positive cells from 20.7％ ± 1.9％ in the vehicle group to 12.1％ ±2.1％ in the low-dose albumin group and 9.8％ ±0.9％ in the high-dose albunin group (F =32.216,P =0.001).mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors were also suppressed by albumin (P ＜ 0.05).The results of co-immunoprecipitation displayed that albumin could directly bind Mincle and disrupt the association between Mincle and SAP130.Immunoblotting demonstrated that albumin depressed the protein levels of Mincle,Syk and p-Syk.Conclusion Human serum albumin can inhibit Mincle/Syk-induced neuroinflammation via directly binding Mincle receptor in SAH rats.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification for intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery.Methods A prospective randomized control study was conducted in 80 patients (80 eyes) taking tamsulosin more than two weeks with age-related cataract from October 2014 to October 2016.All cases were randomly divided into microincision group (MICS group) and standard incision group (SICS group),40 cases in each group.Coaxial 1.8 mm microincision cataract surgery was performed in the MICS group,and coaxial 2.6 mm standard incision cataract surgery was performed in the SICS group.The incidence and the degree of IFIS and complications were recorded during the operation.The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was compared at 1 day,1 week,1 month after surgery.Results At postoperative 1 day,1 week and 1 month,UCVA was 0.83 ± 0.12,0.86 ±0.10,0.89 ±0.11 in the MICS group,and was 0.71-±0.12,0.75 ±0.11,0.83 ±0.12 in the SICS group,there were statistical differences (all P ＜ 0.05),the UCVA of MICS group was better than that of SICS group.The incidence of IFIS was 60.0％ in the MICS group,and 82.5％ in the SICS group,there was statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05).There was statistical difference on degree of IFIS between two groups (P ＜ 0.05),the degree of IFIS in the MICS group was lower than that in the SICS group.Conclusion The coaxial microincision phacoemuisification is a safe and effective surgery for the patients with cataract and high risk of IFIS.

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of cranioplasty with titanium mesh outside temporal muscle on skull defect.Methods:The clinical data of 48 patients with skull defect admitted to the General Hospital of Dingyuan County from March 2013 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients received cranioplasty with titanium mesh outside temporal muscle, and the clinical efficacy, prognosis and complications were analyzed.Results:Of the 48 cases, there were 44 cases of clinical primary healing, 2 cases of epileptic seizure, 1 case of epidural hematoma and 1 case of titanium mesh exposure.Conclusion:Skull defect repaired with titanium mesh outside temporal muscle, the skull is satisfied in shape and it has high clinical value.In order to reduce the postoperative complications and improve the surgical efficacy, fully prepared before operation, strict aseptic and standardized operation are must.

Objective To investigate the difference between histopathological changes of brain white matter in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) homozygous mutation rats with hypercholesterolemia and wild-type rats.Methods Thirty LDLR-/-rats and 28 wild-type rats were selected.Plasma cholesterol levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 15,18 and 26 weeks old respectively.The axonal structure of the corpus callosum area was observed by transmission electron microscopy.The myelin basic protein (MBP) of the corpus callosum area was quantitatively analyzed by Western blotting.In addition,at 26 weeks old,the myelin sheaths were stained by fast blue staining.The expression level of MBP in white matter was further detected by immunofluorescence staining,and the morphological changes of glial cells were observed.Results Compared with the wild-type rats,the plasma cholesterol concentration in LDLR-/-rats increased significantly,and it could be as high as 3.3 times at 26 weeks.The results of electron microscopy showed that the LDLR-/-rats had axonal injury at 15 weeks and aggravated gradually over time.At 26 weeks,Western blot analysis of the LDLR-/-rats showed that the MBP expression level of the corpus callosum area decreased significantly.Fast blue staining showed loosening of nerve fibers,diffuse vacuole formation,and myelinated nerve fiber loss in the corpus callosum area.In addition,it was also found that the number of oligodendrocytes in LDLR-/-rats was significantly reduced,and large numbers of astrocytes and microglia were activated.Conclusions LDLR-/-rats will have spontaneous hypercholesterolemia.Axonal injury,demyelination,decreased oligodendrocytes,as well as the abnormal activation of astrocytes and microglia are present in the early adult brain white matter area.

Objective To analyze the factors that influence screw penetration after plating for proximal humerus fractures of Neer two-or three-part.Methods We reviewed the patients with proximal humerus fracture of Neer types Ⅱ & Ⅲ who had been treated from January 2006 to June 2017.The data were documented regarding gender,age,Neer classification,osteoporosis,surgical procedure,cephalic screw number,type of medial support and screw penetration.They were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of screw penetration.x2 test and independent samples t test were used with software IBM SPSS 22.0.The multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent risk factors when there were two or more statistically significant factors.The two-side test was used and significance was set to P ＜ 0.05.Results Altogether 78 patients were included in our analysis,including 27 males (34.62％) and 51 females (65.38％) with an average age of 57.41 years (from 18 to 85 years).Their average follow-up time was 7.7 months (from 3 to 24 months).There were 54 Neer two-part fractures (69.23％) and 24 Neer three-part ones (30.77％).Screw penetration was observed in 18 patients (23.08％) but not in the other 60 ones (76.92％).The x2 test and independent samples t test revealed that screw penetration was significantly associated with gender (P =0.003),osteoporosis (P =0.003) and cephalic screw number (P =0.003) but not with age (P =0.256),Neer classification(P =0.754),surgical procedure((P =0.308) or type of medial support (P =0.186).The multivariate logistic regression revealed that osteoporosis (P =0.027) and cephalic screw number (P =0.026) were independent risk factors for screw penetration.Conclusions After plating for proximal humerus fractures of Neer two-or three-part,the patients with osteoporosis and those receiving more than 5 cephalic screws may face a higher risk of screw penetration than those without osteoporosis and those receiving 4 cephalic screws.

White matter lesion is a major subtype of cerebral small vessel disease. Its pathophysiology and mechanism remain unclear. Because the risk factors often coexist in clinical research, it is difficult to judge the relationship between certain risk factors and white matter injury. Moreover, due to the differences in animal and human brain tissue structure, there is currently a lack of reproducible animal models of white matter lesions. Therefore, establishing a practical animal model and further exploring the pathogenesis and risk factors of white matter lesions from the basic research level is crucial for the preclinical study of the treatment of white matter damage. This article reviews the characteristics, optimization measures, and application prospects of the white matter lesion models.

Autophagy is a crucial physiological process for cellular self-renewing and homeostasis,which plays a dual role in both tumorigenesis and anti-tumor treatment.It plays an antineoplastic role by maintaining genomic stability,as well as a protective role in tumorgenesis and progression.Autophagy improves the effectiveness of anti-tumor therapy,meanwhile,it involves in resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy and irradiation.Using relevant autophagy regulators in different backgrounds is expected to become a new strategy for improving sensitivity of tumor cells to anti-tumor treatment.

Objective:To establish the biology reference interval (RI) of peripheral blood procalcitonin (PCT) for children between 3 days and 6 years old in China.Methods:Totally 3 353 reference individuals with apparent health or no specific diseases were recruited in 18 hospitals throughout the country during October 2020 to May 2021. Reference individuals were divided into four groups: 3-28 days, 29 days - 1 year, 1-3 years and 4-6 years. Vein blood or capillary blood were collected by percutaneous puncture from every reference individual. The PCT level in serum and the capillary whole blood were assayed by Roche Cobas e601 and Norman NRM411-S7 immunoanalyzer. Outliers were deleted and 95th percentiles of every group were provided as RIs. Man-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test were used performed to assess the difference among different gender, age or method groups. Results:The difference of PCT distribution between male and female is not statistically significant, but the difference between serum and capillary whole blood is statistically significant. The differences between age groups are significant too. For Roche e601, serum PCT RI of 3-28 days group is <0.23 μg/L, 29 days - 6 years are <0.11 μg/L. For NRM411, Serum PCT RI of 3-28 days group is <0.21 μg/L, 29 days - 1 year: <0.09 μg/L, 1 - 6 years: <0.10 μg/L. For whole blood PCT, RI of 3-28 days group is <0.26 μg/L, 29 days - 6 years is <0.15 μg/L.Conclusions:Serum and capillary whole blood PCT have different RIs, however, capillary whole blood PCT testing is valuable in pediatric application. Children in 3-28 days show higher PCT levels than other age group. To establish the RIs and understand the differences among different groups are essential for the interpretation and clinical application of peripheral blood PCT testing results.