Objective To investigate the mortality and cause of death in inpatients with cerebral infarction. Methods The clinical data of 515 patients with cerebral infarction as the underlying cause of death from January 2005 to December 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. The hospital mortality, direct cause of death,and constituent ratio of the cause of death were calculated. The clinical features,such as classification of the Trial of Org 10 172 in acute stroke treatment( TOAST),age and duration of hospital-ization were analyzed. Results ( 1 )The hospital mortalities in patients with cerebral infarction from 2005 to 2009 were 2. 0%(91/4 659),2. 1%(110/5 264),1. 9%(95/5 035),1. 2%(100/8 656),and 1. 0%(119/11 640),respectively. The overall mortality rate was 1. 5%(515/35 254),basically had a declining trend year by year(χ2 =42. 39;P<0. 01).(2)The mortalities of the inpatients with cerebral infarction in the young( <45 years),middle-aged(45 to 59 years),elderly(60 to 74 years),and aged ( >74 years)groups were 1. 1%( 22/2 009 ),1. 0%( 112/11 158 ),1. 5%( 221/14 311 ),and 2. 1%(160/7 776),respectively. They increased with increasing age(P<0. 01).(3)The TOAST classification in 515 died patients were as follows:57. 3%(n=295)for large-artery atherosclerosis,19. 4%(n=100) for cardioembolism,14. 4%(n=74)for cryptogenic stroke,7. 0%(n=36)for small-artery occlusion and 1. 9%(n=10)for other reasons. The five leading direct cause of death were cerebral hernia 49. 3%(n=254),primary central respiratory and circulatory failure 25.0%(n=129),pneumonia 8. 9%(n =46), cerebral-cardiac syndrome 5. 8%( n =30 ),and multiple organ failure 5. 6%( n =29 ).( 4 ) The mean age of death was 67 ± 12 years old. The patients who died of cerebral hernia and primary central respiratory and circulatory failure were younger than those who died of pneumonia(65 ± 13,68 ± 11,and 75 ± 10,respectively;all P<0. 01). The median length of hospital stay was 3 days. The length of hospital stay in patients who died of hernia,primary central respiratory and circulatory failure,and cerebral-cardiac syndrome were significantly shorter than those who died of pneumonia and multiple organ failure( the median length of hospital stay was 3. 0,3. 0,3. 0,12. 5,and 9. 0 days,respectively;all P <0. 05). Conclusions The mortality of hospitalized patients with cerebral infarction have a declining trend year by year. Brain disease itself is the most important reason of early death for patients with cerebral infarction, indicating that it is the important point of prevention and treatment in clinical work.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of baicalin,baicalein and wogonin in Hua-tan pingchuan tablet. METHODS:HPLC was performed on the column was Diamonsil C18 with mobile phase of methanol-0.1%phosphoric acid(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,detection wavelength was 277 nm,column temperature was 30 ℃, and the injection volume was 10 μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.069 04-0.690 4 μg for baicalin(r=0.999 4),0.054 56-0.5456 μg for baicalein(r=0.999 6)and 0.030 36-0.303 6 μg for wogonin(r=0.999 1);RSDs of precision,stability and reproduc-ibility tests were lower than 2%;recoveries were 97.64%-99.06%(RSD=0.57%,n=6),98.31%-100.64%(RSD=0.85%,n=6) and 97.53%-99.48%(RSD=0.76%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproducible,and can be used for the contents determination of baicalin,baicalein and wogonin in Huatan pingchuan tablet.

Objective To study the therapeutic effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) on adenine-induced chronic renal failure(CRF)in rats. Methods CRF model was induced by Adenine ig .The rats were randomized into normal group, model group, CP high, moderate, Low-dosage groups and Dexamethasone group. The models of adenine-induced nephrosis were established by intragastric administration of adenine 300 mg/kg for 21 days. After treatment, renal function, biochemical indicators, kidney index, renal pathologic changes and serum TNF-? were observed. Results Compared with the model group, the degree injury of renal function in CP groups was palliated significant, renal pathologic changes were palliated significant, renal index and content of serum TNF-? were both decreased significant. Conclusion CP has a therapeutic and preventive effect on adenine-induced CRF, and can prevent the generation and development of CRF, improve renal function.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Cyslosorus acuminatus flavonone glycoside (CAF) on kidney epitheli-al-mesenchymal transition(EMT)in rats with diabetic kidney disease(DKD). METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into nor-mal group(normal saline),model group(normal saline),positive group [rosiglitazone,0.4 mg/(kg·d)],CAF high-dose and low-dose groups [12.5,25 mg/(kg·d)],10 in each group. Except for normal group,other groups were intraperitoneally injected strepto-zotocin(60 mg/kg)+high fat diet to induce DKD,and intragastrically administrated related medicines in 13-16 weeks. After the ex-perimental period,fasting blood glucose level and serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN)contents of rats were detect-ed,collagen deposition and basement membrane thickening in kidney tissue were observed. Immunohistochemistry was used to de-tect α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),fibronectin,epithelial cadherin(E-cadherin)expressions in kidney tissue,and Western blot was used to determine the glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK-3β),phosphorylated GSK-3β(p-GSK-3β),β-catenin expressions in kidney tissue. RESULTS:Compared with normal group,fasting blood glucose level,Scr and BUN contents in model group were significantly increased (P<0.01);kidney tissue showed obvious collagen deposition and basement membrane thickening;theα-SMA,fibronectin,β-catenin expression levels and GSK-3β phosphorylation degree in kidney tissue were significantly increased (P<0.01),while E-cadherin expression levels was significantly decreased(P<0.01). Compared with model group,fasting blood glucose level,Scr and BUN contents in each administration group were significantly reduced(P<0.05 or P<0.01);collagen depo-sition and basement membrane thickening in kidney tissue were significantly improved;the α-SMA,fibronectin,and β-catenin ex-pression levels and GSK-3β phosphorylation degree in kidney tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01),while E-cadherin expression levels in positive group and CAF high-dose group were significantly increased(P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:CAF can inhibit the kidney EMT of rats with DKD,the molecular mechanism may be associated with downregulating β-catenin ex-pression and inhibiting GSK-3βphosphorylation inactivation.

Objective To study the therapeutic effects of Cordyceps polysaccharide(CP)on chronic reanl failure(CRF) Rats.Methods CRF rat model was estblished by 5/6 nephrectomy.After the modeling,sixty adult SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:positive control group(receiving 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone,im),high-,middle-and low-dose CP groups(gavage of CP at the dose of 160,80 and 40 mg/kg,respectively),sham-operation group(gavage of normal saline at the same volume of CP) and the model group(gavage of normal saline at the same volume of CP).After treatment for 14 days,biochemical indicator,renal function,and renal pathologic changes were observed.Results Compared with the model group,serum urea nitrogen,serum creatinine,urinary protein and urine volume were decreased in the positive control group and CP groups(P

Objective To observe the expression changes of peripheral endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and Ang-1/Tie2 in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Methods From Jun 2011 to Dec 2012,45 patients with PAH charged in Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University were divided into 3 groups according to mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure (15 per group):mild(Group L),moderate(Group M),and severe(Group S),with another 15 normal people as control group(Group C).The EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood of every patient,number counting using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS),function test using cell culture in vitro.Expression of Ang-1 and Tie2 in the peripheral EPCs were measured by RT-PCR or Western-blot.Non normal data was analyzed by non parametric statistical test.Results The statistical discrepancy existed among Group L,M,S and the control in the number of EPCs [32.0 (27.0,37.0),26.0 (19.0,31.0),24.0 (22.0,26.0) vs 40.0 (37.0,51.0),P ＜ 0.05].The ability of migration [32.1 (26.5,37.5),26.8 (22.4,35.4),21.0 (17.8,34.0) vs 39.0 (33.3,42.4),P＜0.05] and adhesion of the EPCs [57.1(50.9,61.8),51.8(45.2,58.7),46.0 (37.2,55.1) vs 64.1 (56.2,75.0),P ＜ 0.05] among study groups and control group was different in statistic,the same with the proliferation activity of EPCs in different groups [0.6 (0.5,0.7),0.5 (0.4,0.6),0.4(0.3,0.5) vs 0.7(0.6,0.8),P ＜0.05].The mRNA expression of Ang-1 and Tie2 in Group M & S were significantly reduced compared with control [4.33 (2.49,4.62) and 2.89 (2.39,3.44) vs 5.31(3.78,6.22),P＜0.05],Tie2 mRNA[1.32(1.23,1.34)and 1.23(1.08,1.42)vs 1.49(1.25,1.66),P ＜ 0.05],and the protein expression of the phosphorylated Tie 2 in Group M &S were decreased [0.16 (0.15,0.24) and 0.12 (0.08,0.18) vs 0.22 (0.19,0.28),P ＜ 0.05].No significant difference of Ang-1 and Tie2 expression was observed between Group L and control [5.42 (4.72,5.95),1.54 (1.43,1.66) and0.23(0.19,0.33),P=0.674,0.867 and 0.674].Conelusion With the severity of PAH,the number and function of circulating EPCs decreased,as consistent with Ang-1 and Tie2 expression changes,suggesting that function decrease of EPCs in patients with PAH may be associated with the decrease of Ang-1/Tie2 expression.

Objective To establish fingerprint and mutual mode of aqueous extracts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.from different regions by high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC). Methods The column of SinoChrom ODS￣BP (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used.The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile￣0.1% phosphoric acid with gradient elution.The flow rate was 1.0 mL.min-1 , the detective wavelength was 230 nm, and the column temperature was 25 ℃ . Results The fingerprint consisted of 14 common peaks.The overall similarity for ten batches of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.from different regions was 0.592-0.986.The standard fingerprint of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.was established by HPLC. Conclusion This fingerprint method is simple and repeatable, and it provides a scientific basis for the quality control of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.

An efficient technique for the determination of multiclass pesticide residues ( glyphosate, aminomethyl phosphonic acid ( AMPA) and glufosinate) in four kinds of tea ( green tea, black tea, Oolong tea and Puer tea) was developed based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with 0. 05 mol/L NaOH solution, regulated pH value with HCl, followed by purification by Oasis HLB column, and then precolumn-derived with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate ( FMOC-CL ) in borate buffer. All pesticide residues studied showed good linearity with correlation coefficient ( R2 ) greater than 0. 99 in the concentration range of 5-1000 μg/L. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) of three pesticide compounds ranged from 0. 03 to 0. 08 mg/kg (S/N=10). Tea samples spiked with 0 . 1 , 0 . 4 and 4 mg/kg showed the recovery ranging from 72 . 1% to 109 . 9%, and RSDs from 0. 5% to 9. 8% (n=6). In addition, the validated method was applied to commercial samples, and all the detections were confirmed by acquiring transitions for each pesticide in samples.

Aim: To elucidate the structure of an acidic polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis and to study its protective effect on renal cell injury by cisplatin. Methods: After Cordyceps sinensis acidic polysaccharide( CAPS) was isolated and purified, the purity and molecule weight were detected by high performance gel permeation chro-matography( HPGPC). Based on the UV spectrum, FT-IR spectrum, monosaccharide composition and GC-MS, the structures were elucidated. Cisplatin-induced injury of Madin-Darby canine kidney( MDCK) cell line was protec-ted by the blood serum with CAPS. Results: The purity of CAPS, with a molecule weight of 2. 7×10~4, was about 99%. It consisted mainly of mannose, glucose and galactose. When the serum with CAPS reached 2.5%, it showed difference compared with the cisplatin group (P <0. 05) on the protective effect of renal cell injury. It showed significant difference( P <0.01) when the serum with CAPS exceeded 5%. Conclusion: CAPS has a pro-tective effect on the renal cell injury in vitro.