Objective To compare treatments of intra-articular calcaneal fractures with and without bone graft in foot and ankle surgery.Methods A comprehensive search was conducted on line for all English research articles published from January 1990 through December 2010 dealing with open reduction and internal fixation with and without bone graft for intra-articular calcaneal fractures.Two reviewers evaluated each study to determine whether it was eligible for inclusion and collected the data of interest.Meta-analytic pooling of group results across studies was performed for the 2 treatments.Results The systematic review identified 32 qualified primary studies with 1281 fractures.No significant differences were found in postoperative infection, osteoarthritis or subtalar fusion between the 2 treatments ( P ＞ 0.05) .The average full weight-bearing time in bone graft treatment was significantly lower (5.4 weeks) than in non-graft treatment (10.5 weeks) .The mean B(o)hler angle was significantly larger and long-term loss of collapse significantly lower in bone graft treatment than in non-graft treatment.The bone graft treatment had a lower American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score (71.4 points vs.80.5 points) but a higher Creighton score (89.9 points vs.81.0 points) compared with non-graft treatment.Pooled mean results showed no significant differences in the weighted excellent-to-good rate between the 2 treatments (excellent 35%, good 40%, fair 21% and poor 4% for the bone graft treatment versus excellent 34%, good 42%, fair 14%, and poor 10% for the non-graft treatment).Conclusions Open reduction and internal fixation with bone graft for intra-articular calcaneal fractures may lead to better reduction of B(o)hler angle and early return to full weight-bearing without increased risk of postoperative infection.However, since more cases of joint depression and comminuted fracture have been included in the bone graft group in the present study, a prospective controlled comparative study with a large scale of samples is still needed.

Objective To investigate the methods and results of lengthened proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures combined with ipsilateral femoral neck fractures. Methods Of the 21 patients with femoral shaft combined with ipsilateral femoral neck fractures treated by lengthened PFNA from 2006 to 2009,16 patients with complete follow-up were retrospectively studied.There were 15 males and 1 female,at mean age of 35 years (range,21-51 years).Injury causes were all high-energy trauma including traffic injuries in 11 patients and fall injuries in five.According to Garden classification,there were seven patients with type Ⅰ femoral neck fractures,six with type Ⅱ and three with type Ⅲ.Femoral shift fractures contained six superior part fractures and nine medial part fractures and one inferior part fracture.According to Winquist classification,there were two patients with type Ⅰ femoral shaft fractures,four with type Ⅱ,six with type Ⅲ and four with type Ⅳ.Two patients had open fractures belonging to type Ⅰ Gustilo-Anderson.Harris hip score was used to evaluate functional outcomes at the last follow-up postoperatively. Result The mean follow-up time was 2.4years (range,1-4 years ).The mean period for healing of femoral neck and shaft fractures was 4.2months ( range,3-6 months) and 5.1 months ( range,3-8 months) respectively.Four patients showed delayed diagnoses of femoral neck fractures ; two patients had delayed union of femoral shaft fractures ; one suffered from avascular necrosis of the femoral head ; one patient presented 3 cm of extension of the affected limb and was accompanied by active pain of the knee joint for over four months.According to Harris score,function of hip joints was excellent in seven patients,good in six and fair in three,with excellence rate of 82％. Conclusions It is relatively few that the femoral shaft fracture is combined with ipsilateral femoral neck fracture.The rate of missed diagnosis of femoral neck fractures is high and the patients with high energy trauma hould be highly paid attention to.Lengthened PFNA conforms to characteristics of biomechanical fixation and presents short operation time and solid fixation. Lengthened PFNA achieves affirmatory effects for treatment of femoral shaft fractures combined with ipsilateral femoral neck fractures.

Objective To retrospectively assess clinical outcomes of buttress plating in fixation of posterior pilon fractures.Methods The study involved 16 cases of posterior pilon fractures that had undergone buttress plate fixation between January 2005 and December 2009.There were 11 males and 5 females,at mean age of 37.6 years (range,23-62 years).All cases received radiography,CT scan and three-dimensional reconstruction preoperatively.Posterior malleolar fragments were reduced and fixed through posterolateral approach or combined approach (posteromedial plus posterolateral approaches) based on effect area of fracture line on CT films.Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed in postoperative follow-up.Clinical outcomes were evaluated by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and visual analogue scale (VAS).Results Posterior pilon fractures were classified into 3 types according to CT scans.Fourteen cases were followed up for average 37.6 months (range,16-52 months).Mean AOFAS score was 86.4 points (range,70-98 points) and mean VAS score was 1.4 points (range,0-3 points).All cases received favorable functional outcomes without hardware failure,except that one patient still suffered from peri-ankle swelling and long term walking discomfort two years after operation.Conclusion Buttress plating is effective in treatment of posterior pilon fractures and can facilitate early weight-bearing functional exercise.

Objective To evaluate the effect of various reduction degrees of large posterior malleolus fracture on contact condition of the tibiotalar joint using biomechanical and finite element methods.Methods Six fresh adult cadaveric calf-foot were tested with different loadings in neutral position,10 degree of dorsiflexion,and 15 degree of plantar flexion.Models included the intact ankle and posterior malleolus fracture (not fixed,fixed with 1 mm step-off,fixed with 2 mm step-off,fixed with 1 mm gap,or fixed with 2 mm gap).Tibiotalar joint contact area,contact pressure,and peak pressure were measured using the Tek-Scan pressure sensor.In addition,a three-dimensional finite element model of the ankle joint was established and tested under the simulated biomechanical conditions.Results Mter a 500 N axial loading in the intact ankle,contact area of the tibiotalar joint was (4.94 ± 0.67) cm2 and loading strength of the tibiotalar joint was (83.4 ± 2.7) ％ of total loading strength.Contact area of the tibiotalar joint in the fracture model fixed with 1 mm gap demonstrated no significant difference in all loading conditions compared with the intact model.In 15 degree of plantar flexion,contact area of the tibiotalar joint differed between the fracture model fixed with 1 mm step-off and the intact model (P ＜ 0.05).In multiple loading conditions,contact area of the tibiotalar joint differed between the fracture models fixed with 2 mm step-off or 2 mm gap and the intact model (P ＜ 0.05).Results of finite element analysis were conformed to the related biomechanical study.Conclusions Anatomic reduction should be pursued for large posterior malleolus fracture.If difficulty exists,fracture displacement should be within 1 mm step-off and 2 mm gap so as to restore the inter-joint congruity.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of surgical treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (ICFs) in children and its characteristics.MethodsBetween January 2004 and October 2008,we review the results of 9 displaced,intra-articular fractures in 8 skeletally immature patients,who were treated with open reduction and internal fixation in our hospital.There were 7 males and 1 female,with the mean age of 13.1 years(range:10 to 15 years).Preoperative radiographs and computed tomographic scans were used to classify fractures.Clinical and radiographic evaluation were performed in postoperative follow-up visits.The functional outcomes were assessed with use of the modified American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score.The published literatures of child ICFs treated with ORIF were reviewed.ResultsIn the series,there were 4 tongue-type and 5 joint depression-type fractures according to Essex-Lopresti classification,and according to Sanders classification,we found 5 type-Ⅱ fractures,3 type-Ⅲ and 1 type-Ⅳ fractures.The mean follow-up time was 47.4 months (range:21 to 72 months).All fractures healed within 2 to 4 months.The average preoperative and postoperative Bohler angles were 5.7 and 33.1 degrees respectively,and the mean Gissane angles were 106.5 and 128.0 degrees respectively.The mean modified-AOFAS score was 65.2 points(range:53 to 68 points).Skin necrosis was found in one foot.After the review of literatures,78.6％ (48/61) of displaced ICFs were male in children.Based on the Sanders classification,36 of 67 (53.7％) were type-Ⅱ fractures,25 of 67 (37.3％) were type-Ⅲ and 6 of 67 (9.0％) were type-Ⅳ; And 15 of 37 (40.5％) were tongue-type,22 of 37 (59.5％) were joint depression-type fractures according to Essex-Lopresti classification.ConclusionMost children with displaced ICFs treated with ORIF had a good clinical outcome with few complications.The children and adolescents that were exposed to high-energy trauma suffer calcaneal fractures that were similar to adult fracture patterns.

Objective To compare the outcomes of surgical treatment of ankle fracture with or without repair of deltoid ligament(DL) rupture.Methods Between March 2009 and December 2015,75 patients were treated surgically at Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery,Honghui Hospital for ankle fracture with DL rupture.Of them,the DL rupture was repaired in 20(repair group) and not in 54(non-repair group).The 2 groups were compared in terms of pre- and post-operative medial clear space(MCS),rate of radiological MCS malreduction(MCS>5mm),rate of surgical failure,the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and visual analogue scale(VAS).The outcomes of AO/OTA types B and C were also compared between the 2 groups.Results The 2 groups were compatible due to insignificant differences in their preoperative general data and follow-up time(46.9±22.5 months versus 56.3±23.9 months)(P>0.05).The MCSs after operation(3.3±0.3 mm) and at the last follow-up(3.2±0.3mm) in the repair group were significantly shorter than those in the non-repair group(3.8±1.0mm and 3.8±1.2mm)(P<0.05).The rate of radiological MCS malreduction in the repair group(0) was significantly lower than that in the non-repair group(20.4%)(P<0.05).There were no significant differences between the 2 group in rate of surgical failure(0 versus 7.4%),AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score(88.0±5.8 versus 85.9±8.7) or VAS(1.2±0.8 versus 1.6±1.6)(P>0.05).The rate of radiological MCS malreduction for AO/OTA type C ankle fracture in the non-repair group was significantly higher than those for AO/OTA types B and C in the repair group and AO/OTA type B in the non-repair group(P<0.05).Conclusion Surgical repair of the DL rupture may help decrease the rate of postoperative MCS malreduction,especially for AO/OTA type C ankle fractures.

Objective:To observe the curative effects of triplane intra-articular osteotomy in the treatment of malunion of calcaneal intra-articular fracture.Methods:The 16 patients were retrospectively analyzed who had been admitted to Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, Honghui Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019 for malunion of calcaneal intra-articular fracture. They were 12 males and 4 females, with an average age of 43.4 years (from 31 to 58 years). The left side was affected in 10 cases and the right side in 6 cases. All malunions were type Yu Ⅱ (compressed bone fragments on the posterior articular surface) and treated with triplane intra-articular osteotomy. The curative effects were assessed by comparing the radiological parameters, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, pain visual analog scale (VAS) and psychological and physical scores in Health Survey 12-item Short Form (SF-12) between preoperation and the final follow-up.Results:All the patients were followed up for 20 to 60 months (average, 42.9 months); the bone healing time was 10 to 14 weeks (average, 11.5 weeks). At the final follow-up, their B?hler angle (25.7°±2.3°), Gissane angle (117.1°±5.8°), Meary angle (2.9°±1.3°), talocalcaneal angle (31.3°±3.0°), hindfoot alignment angle (3.9°±1.8°), ankle height [(82.3±2.6) mm], calcaneus height [(56.9±2.4) mm], calcaneus width [(41.4±2.1) mm], AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score [(82.3±7.3) points], median VAS score [3 (2, 3) points], SF-12 psychological score [(46.6±3.6) points], and SF-12 physiological score [(43.6±3.5) points] were significantly improved than the preoperative values [8.4°±2.7°, 137.5°±9.3°, 8.3°±4.3°, 24.6°±3.7°, -4.6°±3.2°, (76.1±3.1) mm, (53.8±3.0) mm, (50.2±2.2) mm, (51.9±7.7) points, 6 (6, 7) points, (37.5±3.8) points, and (31.0±2.6) points] (all P<0.01) Conclusion:In the treatment of type Yu Ⅱ malunion of calcaneal intra-articular fracture, triplane osteotomy can anatomically reduce the bone fragments of collapsed posterior articular surface, reshape the normal anatomy of the calcaneus, and preserve the subtalar joint, leading to positive short- and mid-term follow-up effects.

【Objective】 To evaluate the effects of miR-148a-3p on calreticulin (CRT) expression and mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes incubated with high glucose. 【Methods】 miR-148a-3p minic and inhibitor were used to intervene the H9c2 cardiomyocytes of rats. The expression of CRT protein was detected. Then the cells were divided into control group, high-glucose group (HG), HG +miR-148a-3p minic group, HG + miR-148a-3p minic + TG (CRT agonist) group, HG + miR-148a-3p inhibitor group, and HG + miR-148a-3p inhibitor + CRT- (CRT-siRNA) group. The content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzyme and apoptotic rate were detected. 【Results】 miR-148a-3p minic significantly inhibited the expression of CRT protein in cardiomyocytes, while miR-148a inhibitor increased the expression of CRT. miR-148a-3p minic inhibited the decrease of ATP production, the increase of ROS production and cell apoptosis, and the inactivity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzyme in cardiomyocytes induced by high glucose, while TG weakened the above effects of miR-148a-3p minic. miR-148a inhibitor aggravated the mitochondrial injury and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by high glucose, but the effects of miR-148a-3p inhibitor were partially blocked by CRT-siRNA. 【Conclusion】 miR-148a-3p negatively regulates the expression of CRT in cardiomyocytes and protects the mitochondrial injury and apoptosis induced by high-glucose through inhibiting CRT.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) on mitophagy and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes exposed to high glucose (HG). METHODS: Rat cardiomyocytes (H9c2) exposed to HG (25 mmol/L) were treated with 50 μmol/L RA or with both RA treatment and Parkin siRNA transfection, with the cells cultured in normal glucose (5.5 mmol/L) and HG as the controls. The expressions of PINK1, Parkin and LC3II/LC3I in the cells were detected by Western blotting. The formation of mitochondrial autophagosomes was observed by transmission electron microscope. Flow cytometry was employed to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic rate of the cells. The activities of respiratory chain complex enzymes were measured by spectrophotometry. Fluorescence enzyme labeling and RESULTS: RA treatment significantly increased the expression levels of PINK1, Parkin and LC3-II/I ( CONCLUSIONS RA can protect rat cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress injury and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by HG by activating Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
Animals ; Cinnamates ; Depsides ; Glucose ; Hypertrophy ; Mitophagy ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Protein Kinases ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics*

Objective To propose a quick and low-cost personalized diabetic foot modeling and insole design scheme, so as to reduce the plantar pressure accurately. Methods The foot model of the patient was constructed by scaling the model with foot feature parameters, to make biomechanical analysis on plantar pressure. By means of numerical mapping model of insole elasticity and plantar pressure, the three-dimensional (3D) personalized insole model with gradient modulus was constructed. The insole was then manufactured via 3D printing technology and used for experimental validation. Results The related mechanical parameters from finite element prediction of the foot model constructed by the scaling modeling method were close to those of the CT reconstructed model, and the maximum error was controlled within 15%. Compared with wearing the normal insole, the peak pressure of the personalized insole was effectively reduced by 20%. The time and economic cost of this simplified design was reduced by approximately 90%. Conclusions The design scheme of the diabetes insole shortens the design cycle, and the personalized insole can effectively and accurately reduce the sole pressure, and reduce the risk of foot ulcer, which provides a technical basis for the promotion of the personalized diabetes insole.