Child ; Humans ; Tuberculosis ; mortality

Objective: To invistigate the characteristics of mutations in EnhII/CP/PreC of HBV in AsC children infected through mother-to-infant transmission and their AsC mothers with different degrees of viremia.Methods: There were 15 pairs of children and mothers.They were divided into three groups based on the level of viremia: groupⅠ(both children and mothers presented high viremia),groupⅡ(children presented high and mothers presented low viremia) and groupⅢ(children presented low and mothers were high viremia).There were 5 pairs in each group with 4/5 of HBV being B/adw2 and 1/5 of HBV being C/adrq+ in each group.EnhII/CP/PreC was amplified and cloned into pGEM-T vector.Tow clones were selected to sequence each patient.Results: Substitution was the main model of mutations.There were no significant differences in the mutation numbers in EnhII/CP/PreC among high viremia groups or between two low viremia groups.There were significant differences between each high viremia group and each low viremia group.In patients with high viremia,there were 6 mutational positions in 32 clones in 16/20 patients with B/adw2,and there were 4 mutational positions in 8 clones in 4/20 patients with C/adrq+.In patients with low viremia(mothers of group Ⅱ and children of group Ⅲ),there were 26 mutational positions totally.Conclusion: The mutations in EnhII/CP/PreC are related to the degree of viremia in AsC children infected through mother-to-infant transmission and their AsC mothers,and no associated with age.

Objective To study the clinical value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ketamine associated cystitis. Methods 60 cases were confirmed by pathological examination to determine the occurrence of ketamine associated cystitis in clinic, all patients underwent ultrasound examination, recording bladder morphology, wall thickness, cavity size (thickness, diameter, length and diameter), calculation of residual urine volume and bladder capacity according to the relevant data. The pictures were assigned to 2 or more specialists, and the double blind scan was used. The ultrasonographic findings of 60 patients with ketamine associated cystitis were recorded and compared with the pathological diagnosis. Results 60 cases of ketamine related cystitis were successfully examined with no interruption and withdrawal. The success rate of ultrasonography was 100.00％. The analysis showed that the coincidence rate of ultrasonography and pathological diagnosis was 60 (91.67％ and 8.33％) respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion the use of ultrasound has a detection rate of ketamine associated cystitis ideal, to provide a reliable basis for the diagnosis and treatment of ketamine associated cystitis doctor, has important value on the quality of life of patients with treatment effect and security.

Objective :To establish the consensus sequence of PreS/S and Enhll/CP/PreC in Chongqing,China. Methods :The genes of PreS/S and Enhll/CP/PreC of HBV in 15 AsC were sequenced. The genotype and serotype of HBV were determined. The HBV strain prevailing in Chongqing was found and its consensus sequence was established. Results: Nine strains were genotype B/serolype adw2, 3 were genotype B/serotype aywl and 3 were genotype B/serotype adrq+ . There were 6 and 1 site differences between the consensus sequences of PreS/S and Enhll/CP/PreC of HBV with genotype B/serotype adw2 and that in Southeast China. Conclu-sions:The consensus sequence of PreS/S and Enhll/CP/PreC of hepatitis B virus prevailing in Chongqing was established.

Objective:To clarify the possibility of higher sensitivity to ototoxicity of aminoglycosides in neonatal animal.Methods:The difference in ototoxicity was studied by scanning electron-microscopy and microscopy between neonatal and adult groups of 36 guinea pigs administrated with therapeutic doses of amikacin.Pharmacokinetics was investigated in 10 guinea pigs in each group by TDx system.Results:(1)The pharmacokinetics were compatible with the model of two compartment in all age groups.There was no significant difference in the peak level and peak time.Compared with adult group, the plasma clearance was lower(0.0044?0.0011 and 0.0088?0.0014 L/min. kg, P

Gene vector is defined as a tool which can carry and transfer gene or other nucleic acid material into cells. Its chemical nature can be protein or polypeptide, nucleic acid, lipide, carbohydrate, and other polar molecule or its compound. As an.important part of gene therapy, gene delivery system is also the bottleneck of gene therapy. There are two existent gene vectors defined as viral vectosr and non-viral vectors. Generally, high transfection efficiency can be achieved by the application of viral vectors. But the application of viral vectors has been restricted by its immunogenicity and mutngenic potential as side effects. As a novel gene delivery system, non-viral vectors have the advantages of low toxicity, low immunogenicity, and relative targeting effect. This article provides a review on the latest research progress about various kinds of vectors.

To raise the quality of pathology teaching and students' abilities of possessing knowl-edge,we reformed the teaching method. Applying information feedback between teachers and students in pathological teaching can effectively solve students' confusion and improve teacher's teaching quality. Stu-dents' interests and initiative in pathology learning were aroused and teachers' responsibilities were pro-moted by teaching reform,thus having satisfactory results were obtained.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmunity disease, and many effect factors contribute to the pathogenesis process of RA. Prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2) is one major inflammatory mediator. In this article ,we review the synthesis,metabolism and action pathway of PGE_2, the interaction between PGE_2 and inflammatory cellular factors of RA, and the therapeutic effect of drugs on RA.

Stromal cell types of the neoplastic microenvironment play important roles in the occurrence and development of tumor.Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are the most abundant cells in tumor stroma.They promote the malignant transformation of epithelial cells and other cells through cell-cell communication via various soluble factors.

Retrovirus (RV), a major pathogen in acute gastroenteritis in children that may lead to severe disease and heavy burdens on national economy. There is no speciifc drug treatment for the gastroenteritis caused by RV, and vaccine has been identiifed as the most effective intervention to control the associated disease burden. The RV vaccine showed differential effects on different RV infection. In China, epidemiology of RV is more complex hence demands more epidemiologic studies. In this article, we will review the epidemiology of RV in China and further discuss the importance of generalized RV vaccine.