Functional experiment plays an important role in understanding the mechanisms of diseases and principles of diagnosis and treatment. It requires students to master basic skills of func-tional operation, and complicated disciplines of functional alteration as well. Thus functional experi-ment needs to be an open course. The use of the virtual reality (VR) and real-time recording tech-niques provides potential for this exploration. By the way of real-time recording system, HD video of experiment operation is played, which helps guiding students to learn basic experiment skills; while based on the development status of VR technology, it is more applicable for learning by oneself, such as preview before the class and review for the test, and furthermore, the advantage of VR technique will be more apparent, if the key development focuses on experiment extensions to disclose more compli-cated functional alterations. This new technique helps to improve teaching effects of functional experi-ment.

Objective To evaluate the effects of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on cognitive function and amyloid beta protein ( Aβ) deposition in hippocampi of aged mice. Methods Thirty?six SAMP8 mice, aged 6 months, weighing 29-32 g, were randomly assigned into 4 groups ( n=9 each) using a random number table: control group ( group C ) , propofol anesthesia group ( group P ) , sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S) and propofol plus sevoflurane anesthesia group (group PS). In group P, propofol 140 mg∕kg was injected intraperitoneally, when righting reflex occurred, additional propofol 70 mg∕kg was given, and when it occurred again, additional propofol 40 mg∕kg was given. Group S continuously inhaled 1% sevoflurane for 120 min. Group PS continuously inhaled 2% sevoflurane for 120 min, and when righting reflex occurred, additional propofol 40 mg∕kg was given. Anesthesia was maintained for 120 min in P, S and PS groups. Before anesthesia and at 7, 14 and 28 days after anesthesia, Morris water maze test was performed, and the escape latency was recorded. Hippocampi were obtained to determine the expression of Aβ using immuno?histochemistry. Results Compared with group C, the escape latency was significantly prolonged at 7 days after anesthesia, and the expression of Aβwas up?regulated at 7, 14 and 28 days after anesthesia in group S, and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in P and PS groups. Compared with the value at 7 days after anesthesia, the expression of Aβ was significantly down?regulated at 14 and 28 days after anesthesia in group S, and no significant change was found in the expression of Aβ at 14 and 28 days after anesthesia in C, P and PS groups. Conclusion Although sevoflurane anesthesia promotes Aβ deposition in hippocampi, it only causes short?term cognitive dysfunction, however, anesthesia with propofol or with propofol in combination with sevoflurane produces no influence in aged mice.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the plasm homocysteine (Hcy) levels and cystathionine β synthase (CBS) T833C gene polymorphism in Xinjiang Kazakh with essential hypertension. Methods 239 Kazak patients with hypertension (hypertension group) and 206 with normotensive (control group) were selected for the study. Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) was used to analyze the polymorphism of CBS gene T833C, TT, TC and CC genotypes and the various sites of T, C allele frequencies in research group and the control group. Results Plasma of Hcy level was higher in the hypertensive group than those of control group, the difference was significant (P<0.05), and the individual plasma of Hcy with TC gene was higher than that with TT gene. The C allele frequencies was significantly higher in EH group than that in controls in Xinjiang Kazakh population, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The risk of EH group in individuals carrying TC genetype was 2.39 times higher than in individuals carrying TT genetype (OR = 2.39, 95%CI:1.125 ~5.076, P = 0.02). Conclusion Elevated Hcy level may be a risk factor of Kazakhs hypertension in Xinjiang. The Cystathionine β synthase gene of T833C polymorphism may be associated with essential hypertension in Kazak people in Xinjiang.

The clinical features and endoscopic findings of 50 with esophageal ulcers were retrospectively reviewed.The ratio of male to female was 3.5∶1 (39∶11, P<0.01).The age distribution:6 cases were ≤35 y, 28 cases were 35-59 y and 16 ≥60 y ( P<0.01).Twenty nine cases were benign , 16 cases were malignant and 5 cases were uncertain.Reflux esophagitis was the main etiology of benign esophageal ulcers.The ulcers were located at upper ,middle and lower esophagus in 7, 11 and 32 cases, respectively (P<0.01).There were no significant differences of age , sex, location and amount of ulcers between benign and malignant esophageal ulcers ( P >0.05 ).However deep , large (≥2.5 cm ) and irregular esophageal ulcers were more likely to be malignant ( P <0.01 ).The clinical and endoscopic findings reveal that the malignancy of esophageal ulcer is correlated with the size , depth and shape of the lesions.

AIM To establish the hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemic fatty liver animal model.METHODS 30 SD rats were randomized into control group (n=10)and model group(n=20).The rats of model group were fed with a standard diet and fat emulsion( 10 ml?kg -1);while the rats of control group were only fed with a standard diet.The serum TG,TC,ALT,AST,MDA,SOD and hepatic TG,TC,MDA,SOD were detected dynamically and with histologically.RESULTS The model group developed hyperlipidemia which TG and TC were elevated significantly after 1 week. 10 rats which were selected randomly in the model group were killed and the serum and liver were obtained after 2 weeks. The serum TG,TC,ALT and hepatic MDA of the model group rats were higher than the control's,while the hepatic SOD were lower. At the same time,the light degree hepatic steatosis of 2 rats were induced.The third week,both control group and model rats(n=10) were killed and the serum and the liver were obtained. Compared with the control group, the serum TG,TC,ALT,AST,MDA?SOD and hepatic TG,MDA of the model group rats were markedly higher, while the serum SOD and the hepatic SOD were significantly lower.The histopathology research showed hepatocellular macrovesicular steatosis and hepatitis in the model group. CONCLUSINOS The experimental animal model of hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemic fatty liver in rats were successfully established for 1 week and 3 weeks fed with fat emulsion.

Objective To explore the changes in muscle activity patterns in the lower leg during ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion in stroke patients. Methods Ten recovering stroke patients with hemiparesis(Pa- tient group)and ten age-and sex-matched healthy volunteers(Healthy control group)were studied.The subjects performed ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion synchronized with a visual cue while supine.Surface electrodes were applied over the anterior tibialis(TA),caput laterale musculi gastrocnemius(IGM),caput mediale musculi gas-troenemius(mGM)and soleus muscles(SOL)for integrated electromyography(iEMG).Results During ankle dorsiflexion,the TA,lGM,mGM and SOL of the affected side showed a significantly lower iEMG signal than the unaffected side.Activity of the lGM,mGM and SOL of the affected side were significantly lower than in the healthy controls.During ankle plantaflexion,the TA,lGM and mGM on the affected side had significantly lower activity than those of the healthy controls.The mGM of the affected side showed significantly lower muscle activity than the unaffeeted side.The SOL contraction ratio on the affected side was significantly higher than on the unaffected side and in the healthy control group. Conclusion Except for the soleus,there is an obvious decline in muscle activi-ty in the affected lower extremities of stoke patients during ankle dorsiflexion and plantaflexion.The soleus on the affected side becomes the primary plantarflexor in patients with stroke,rather than the caput laterale musculi gas-trocnemius or caput mediale musculi gastroenemius as in healthy subjects.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of bacterial translocation (BT) with cachexia and its impact on the outcome of gastric cancer patients.MethodsSixty cachectic gastric cancer patients,50 age- and sex-matched non-cachectic gastric cancer patients,and 55 healthy controls were enrolled in this study between January 2008 and July 2009.Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect bacterial DNA in the peripheral blood of cancer patients and healthy controls,Cytokine levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Flow cytometry was used to detect immune indicators.All the enrolled patients were followed up for two years,and the two-year survival rate was calculated.ResultsThe BT ratio was significantly higher in cachectic patients than in non-cachectic patients (25.0％ vs.8.0％,P =0.019) and healthy controls (25.0％ vs.0.0％,P =0.000).BT-positive cachectic patients had significantly higher levels of IL-1α,IL-6,TNF-α,and IFN-γ compared with BT-negative cachectic patients ( P =0.012,0.003,0.036,and 0.017,respectively ) and BT-positive non-cachectic patients ( P =0.011,0.034,0.000,and 0.022,respectively).The two-year survival rate in BT-positive cachectic patients was significantly lower than in BT-negative cachectic patients (P =0.023 ).The levels of CD3 +T,CD4+ T,natural killer cells,and CD4 + T/CD8 + T in gastric cancer patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls ( P =0.023,0.031,0.016,0.041,respectively),whereas CD8 + T level was significantly higher in gastric cancer patients than in healthy controls (P =0.038).ConclusionBT may contribute to the development of cancer cachexia and influence the long-term survival of locally advanced gastric cancer patients.

Tumor associate macrophages ( TAMs) play a significant role in the interaction of tumor inflam-mative microenvironment and tumor cells .TAMs originate from monocytic precursors ,recruiting into tumor tissue by colony stimulating factor ( CSF) .This review summarized that TAMs promote tumor progression and metastasis though angiogenesis ,lymphogenesis , immunosuppression , matrix remodeling and affecting cancer stem cells .The article pointed that targeting TAMs is a new strategy for future tumor therapy .

A double antibody sandwich ELISA for quantitative analysis of recombinant fusion protein IL-2-HSA was constructed using a polyclonal antibody to human IL-2 for capture and a monoclonal antibody to HSA with HRP-labeled conjugate for detection.The optimal concentration of the first coating antibody and detection antibody were 2 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL,respectively.Regression equation of the linear calibration curve was:y = 0.442 9 x-1.143 3 with a correlation coefficient of 0.996 6,and the linear detection ranged from 39.06 ng/mL to 1 250 ng/mL.Recovery from the supernatant of fermentation broth was 98.13% to 102.94%.The specificity assay indicated that it had little cross-reactions with IL-2 and HSA.The soundness analysis suggested that fermentation broth,mouse serum and dilution had no influence on the method.The present method can be used in the studies on fermentation,purification and clinical diagnosis.