AIM: To observe the effects of D-galactose on the lumber vertebra body and investigate the reasons. METHODS: 12 rats at age of 6 months were divided into two groups, control group and D-galactose group (n=6 in each). The control group were administered saline solution sc, and the D-galactose group were administered 5% D-galactose solution sc at dose of 100 mg?kg -1. After 3 month, the rats were killed by exsanguination from heart. The fourth lumber vertebra was taken and immerged in formalin. The testicle were taken and immerged in formalin at the same time. The blood serum was collected by centrifugating the collected blood after resting for a while, and it was preserved in refrigeratory at the degree of - 70 ℃.The vertebra body were embedded in plastic and sliced up after being dehydrated step by step with different concentration ethanol. The slices were analyzed under the image analysis apparatus. The testicle were made into paraffin slices and observed under the common microscope. The concentration of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone were measured by radio-immunity assay. RESULTS: The lumber vertebra body in D-galactose group appeared osteoporosis. The serum testosterone hormone concentrations of D-galactose rats were significantly decreased. And the microstructure of testicle present aging change, but no change of serum LH concentration was observed. CONCLUTION: D-galactose can cause the osteoporosis in male rats, which may be related to affect the function of thalamus-pituitary-testicle axis, decrease the content of testosterone of D-galactose.

AIM: To investigate the effects of D-galactose on ultrastructure of rats' hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.METHODS: 12 rats at age of 6 months were divided into two groups at random,the control and D-galactose group.Rats of control group were treated with saline solution by sc,and rats of D-galactose group were treated with D-galactose by sc at dose of 100(mg?kg~(-1)). Three months later the rats were killed by exsanguinating from heart.After being infused into the left ventricle with 2%-(2.5)% polyformaldehyde at the dose of 50(mg?kg~(-1)),the brains were taken and immerged in(2.5)% polyformaldehyde,then the arcuate nucleus was taken according to the atlas of brain,the tissues taken were made into ultrathin sections to be observed under electron microscope.RESULTS: comparing to rats in control group,neurons of the arcuate nucleus of rats in D-galactose group appeared aging,the number of organelle in plasma decreased,but the number of lipochromesome in plasma increased significantly,and the size of neurons decreased also.Furthermore the apoptosis neuron was observed,the chromosome of which congregated around the nucleus' membrane,the typical aging neuron was also observed,the neuraxon of which was atrophying.But there were no obvious changes observed in neurons of the arcuate nucleus of rats in control group,plenty of organelles were observed under electron microscope clearly.CONCLUSION:D-galactose can cause neurons of rats' arcuate nucleus aging,the neurons appeared atrophying and apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the prevention of distant multiple organ dysfunction caused by lower limb ischemia/reperfusion with taurine.Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups.(1)Reperfusion group:rats underwent 2-hour bilateral artery femoralis of hind limbs ischemia and followed by 5 hours reperfusion.(2)Taurine group:each rat was oraled 20% taurine 3ml every day for 7 days and underwent 2hrs ischemia followed by 5 hrs reperfusion.(3)Control group:sham animals didn't undergo ischemia.The count of leukocyte,myocardial and liver enzymes were measured.Ultrastructural pathological change of distant organs were observed.Superoxide dismutase(SOD) of erythrocyte,malondialdehyde(MDA) glutathione(GSH) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF) in tissue homogenization was assayed.Results The count of leukocyte was decreased significantly in reperfusion group,myocardial and liver enzymes were significantly increased compared with control group ultrastructural pathological change of extensive injury of distant multiple organs was occurred in perfusion group.SOD of erythrocyte and GSH in serum were decreased compared with control group,while MDA and tumor necrosis factor in tissue homogenization of liver and lung were significantly increased.The pathological changes of taurine group was obviously alleviate.Conclusion Limb ischemia/reperfusion can produce quantities of oxygen free radicals and TNF which were released by activated polymornuclear leukocytes.This made the body plunge into systemic inflammation response syndrome and induce distant multiple organ dysfunction.Taurine can prevent it obviously.

Objective To analyze the relationship between clinical features of infantile cough after infection and microelements in peripheral blood, and to observe the therapeutic of treating this cough with Milkvetch Root and Radix Glycyrrhizae. Methods 75 infantile patients were randomly recruited into a therapeutic group and a reference group. 39 patients in the therapeutic group were treated with Huangqi Zhusheye and Tablete Glycyrrhiza, while 36 patients in the reference group were treated with Azithromycin. The therapeutic effects were evaluated after the treatment. Meanwhile,microelements in peripheral blood of the 75 patients were assayed and made a contrast to 40 healthy children. Results The contents of Fe, Zn, and Mg in peripheral blood of the 75 patients dropped on different levels, comparing to the healthy children.The therapeutic effects of the therapeutic group was much better than the reference group with significant difference (P＜0.05).Liver and renal functional lesion was unseen in both groups after the treatment. Conclusion Infantile past-infection cough may related with the decrease of Mg, Fe, and Zn. Combined usage of Milkvetch Root and Radix Glycyrrhizae clinically has good therapeutic effects to this disease.

Fifty three Wistar rats were randomly divided into healthy control group, COPD model group and NAC group, PKC inhibitor H7 intervention group and TGF ? monocolonal antibody group(TGF ? MA group).To study the role of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) and the tissue inhibitor of MMPs(TIMP 1) in the airway extracellular matrix(ECM) remodelling of COPD rat models and to observe the effects of NAC, H7 and TGF ? MA intervention on the regulation of MMPs and TIMP 1 and on ECM remodelling of the airway walls. Compared with control group, the airway collagen, the hydroxyproline(Hy) content of lung homogenates ,the number of fibroblasts(Fb) , the protein and/or mRNA expressions of MMP 2, MMP 9, TIMP 1 and TGF ? Ⅰ, Ⅱ receptor and the enzyme activities of MMP 2 (72kD), MMP 9 (92kD) were significantly increased in COPD model group. In all the drug intervention groups, the expressions of the above parameters were significantly decreased than those in model group except for Hy and Fb in H7 group, protein expression of TGF ? I receptor in NAC group and MMP 9 in TGF ? MA group. The results suggested that increased MMPs as matrix degrading enzymes might be responsible for the excessive degradation of ECM in airway, whereas incresed TIMPs might promote excessive ECM synthesis and deposition. The imbalance of MMP 9/TIMP 1 was related to the airway ECM remodelling. An antioxidant NAC and TGF ? MA might regulate the MMPs/TIMP 1 expression and reduce the airway fibrosis.H7 had strong collagenase inhibitory action,resulting increse in Hy and Fbs. The data may be helpful for searching effective prevention and treatment of airway ECM remodelling.

Aim To study the effects of D-galactose o n bone of rats. Methods Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats at age of 3 months with half female and half male were divided into five groups randoml y, basal, OVX or ORX , D-galactose at dose of 50 mg?kg -1?d -1 (L), D-galactose at dose of 100 mg?kg -1?d -1 (M), galactose a t dose of 200 mg?kg -1?d -1 (H).The former two groups were SC inject ed physiological saline and the latter three groups were injected three differen t doses of D-galactose respectively. Two months later the rats were killed by setting blood free from hearts, then the left thighbones and tibias were take n. The tibias were cut at 8 ?m sections for static and dynamic bone histomorph ometric analyses. The thighbones were dried and weighed. All rats were given sc injections of tetracycline 25 mg?kg -1 (first fluorochrome bone marker) on 14 and d 13,and calcein 10 mg?kg -1(second fluorochrome bone marker) on 4 and d 3 before sacrifice. The testicles and the ovaries were taken and made the paraffin slices for observing the microstructure under the microscope. Results D-galactose had no effects on bone of female rats, but can made male rats lose bone significantly and the rats appeared osteoporosis. The static parameters in three different dose male rats bone which relate to bone ma ss %Tb. Ar decreased 53.5%,53.5%,46.6% respectively, Tb.N decreased 42.9%,4 7.6%,38.1% respectively, TB.Sp increased 85%,150%,67.3% respectivly. The dynamic parameters which relate to bone formation %L. Pm decreased 24.1% 89.1% , 65.5% respectively. The convoluted suminiferous tubule disordered, lumens dil ated, and basal membrane disintegrated. Conclusion D-galac tose had different effects on bone of different gender rats. There is no effect on female bone, but it can induce the male rats osteoporosis. The mechanism of D-galactose on bone was probably due to the different effects on gonad glan ds.

OBJECTIVE:To study the preparation technology of Fanhuncao sustained-release dropping pills. METHODS:The preparation technology of Fanhuncao sustained-release dropping pills was optimized by orthogonal design and single factor test with PEG4000,PEG6000 and glycerol monostearate(GM)as carrier materials,using sphericity,pill weight difference and appearance quality as index,GM-PEG weight ratio,liquid temperature,nozzle temperature,dipping speed,dropping distance,diameter of emitter as factors and the verification test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal technology was that the ratio of GM-PEG was 3∶7;the temperature of drug mixture was 85 ℃;the dropping speed was 40 drop/min;dropping distance was 4 cm;and the conden-sate temperature was 15 ℃;diameter of emitter was 4 mm. RSD of each index of 3 batches of dripping pills were all ≤0.58%(n=3)in verification test;the average content of chlorogenic acid was 0.14 mg/g;the average pill weight difference was 3.21%;the average sphericity was 9.43;and the average appearance quality was 4.33. Q1 h were 23.4%,24.4% and 23.3% in average(n=6),and Q12 h were 89.6%,91.2% and 91.5%(n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The optimal preparation technology is stable and simple, and can be used for industrial production of Fanhuncao sustained-release dropping pills.

Based on theories of career guidance and refined management,this paper introduced the investigation and practice of refined career planning and guidance for pharmacy graduate students in Peking University,and puts forward some ideas to improve the career planning and guidance in the future.

Objective To assess the contraction and coordination changes in the anterior and posterior thigh muscles of patients recovering from cerebral infarction,and to provide objective references for targeted rehabilitation programs. Methods Eighteen cerebral infarction patients with mild hemiparesis (the patient group) and eighteen age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (the healthy group) were investigated. The surface-electromyographic (sEMG) signals of their vastus medialis,rectus femoris,vastus lateralis,biceps femoris,semitendinosus and semimembranosus were recorded during knee joint flexion and extension in the prone position.The sEMG signals from both legs were recorded for the patient group,but only from the left leg in the healthy group.The standardized root mean square (stRMS) signals and the co-contraction ratios (CRs) were compared and analysed, Results The stRMSs of the rectus femoris,vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the patients' affected side during knee extension were significantly higher than those in the healthy group at baseline and follow-up.The stRMSs of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus-semimembranous on the patients' unaffected side were significantly higher than those of the affected side and the healthy group during knee flexion at baseline.The CRs during knee flexion on the patientsˊ affected side at baseline and follow-up were significantly higher than those of the unaffected side at baseline. Conclusions After cerebral infarction,the functioning of both the anterior and posterior thigh muscles on the affected side are impaired.The rectus femoris are the most severely impaired knee extensors,and the biceps femoris,semitendinosus and semimembranous are impaired equally in knee flexion.The thigh flexors and extensors lose their normal antagonist-agonist contraction modes.The functions of both the anterior and posterior thigh muscles should be emphasized during rehabilitation to improve abnormal contraction.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the isolation and purification technology of active components of Senecio cannabifolius with macroporous adsorption resin. METHODS:The type of macroporous adsorption resin was selected with static adsorption using adsorption capacity and resolution rate of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside as index. The isolation and purification condition was op-timized with dynamic adsorption using the elution volume of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside as index,such as maximal sample size,rinse water quantity,volume fraction and collective volume of eluant ethanol. RESULTS:Among 7 kinds of resin,HPD100 had the best purification property;the optimal purification technology was as follows as mass concentration of sample 6 mg/ml,the speed of sample loading 2 ml/min,maximal sample size 3 times of column volume(BV), rinse water quantity of 2.5 BV,60%ethanol as eluting reagent. The contents of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside were increased from 0.90,0.18 mg/g to 7.26,1.04 mg/g after purification. RSD of each index were all ≤3.0%(n=3) in validation test. CONCLUSIONS:The isolation and purification technology of active components of S. cannabifolius with HPD100 macroporous adsorption resin is stable and effective.