The clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bleeding and thrombotic disorders depend on laboratory detections.Based on clinical diagnosis,the laboratory tests are performed in order and logic according to the principles of optimization and combination of the tests.Then the results were analyzed scientifically to obtain the correct diagnosis.There is important guiding and directing significance for clinic.

Objective:To compare the anti-aging effects of ginsenosides,tanshinone and chuanxionyzine on the skin of D-galactose-induced mice aging model.Methods: One hundred female mice were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=20).Mice in normal control group received subcutaneous injection of normal saline and mice in other 4 groups received cervicodorsal injection of D-galactose(1 000 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) for 42 d to establish subacute aging model.The experimental groups included aging model group(without further treatment),tanshinone-treated(1 500 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) group,chuanxionyzine-treated(150 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) group,and ginsenosides-treated(100 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) group.Forty-two days later,the dorsal skin samples were collected to determine SOD,CAT activities and MDA,hydroxyproline contents.Results: In tanshinone-and ginsenosides-treated groups,SOD activities increased from(131.2?21.5) U/ml to(203.1?11.2) U/ml and(196.8?27.5) U/ml,respectively;the contents of hydroxyprolin increased from(0.57?0.13) mg/g to(0.71?0.11) mg/g and(0.76?0.12) mg/g,respectively;and the contents of MDA decreased from(9.39?1.5) nmol/g to(6.4?1.3) nmol/g and(7.16?2.3) nmol/g,respectively(all P

The genetic diagnosis of hemophilia is a basic method for preventing the birth of hemophilia patients and a basic way for realizing the aim of aristogenesis.Direct and indirect genetic diagnosis is a basic strategy for screening of hemophilia;while in indirect genetic diagnosis,more attention should be paid on the information given by the intro-genetic sites combined with the extra-genetic sites.

Objective To investigate the relationship between plasma level of homocysteine (Hcy) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Methods The differences of Hcy,Vitamin B12,and folate levels between 150 outpatients with ALS and 137 age and sex matched controls were compared in a cross-sectional study.Results Compared with the healthy controls,patients with ALS had a higher plasma Hcy level [ ( 18.47 ± 13.09) μmol/L vs ( 11.91 ± 5.37 ) μmol/L,P ＜ 0.001 ] and a lower folate level [ ( 8.39 ±4.45) ng/ml vs (10.38 ±5.01) ng/ml,P ＜0.001].In a logistic regression model using ALS as a dependent variable,plasma level of Hcy was significantly associated with ALS.A trend for higher Hcy levels in patients with shorter interval from symptom onset to diagnosis ( ODI ) was also found [ Hcy levels (20.73 ± 15.79 ) μmol/L with ODI ＜ 19 months vs ( 16.41 ± 9.73 ) μmol/L with ODI ≥ 19 months,P =0.035 ].Conclusions Plasma Hcy level is significantly increased in patients with ALS.The individuals with shorter time to diagnosis present higher Hcy level,suggesting that it may associate with the progression pace of ALS.

Intestinal flora plays an important role in promoting digestion,maintaining intestinal physiological function and regulating immune system. In recent years,it is found that intestinal flora not only regulates intestinal activity,but also affects the brain function and behavior. Early studies have shown that changes in probiotics may lead to alteration in brain function and mood. Studying the influence of intestinal flora on brain function helps us to catch on the pathogenesis of mental disorders such as autism,and expand our comprehension on the mechanism of brain activity as well. This article reviewed the advances in study on affecting pathway of intestinal flora on brain.

Objective To investigate the relationship between alterations in the corneal innervation observed by laser confocal microscopy and peripheral neuropathy severity in the patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).Methods A total of 70 patients with IGT were consecutively enrolled into the study.Among them,30 patients were diagnosed as peripheral neuropathy (IGT-PN),40 patients without peripheral neuropathy (IGT-NPN).Fifty age-matched healthy subjects were also studied.Corneal subbasal nerves were investigated by laser confocal microscopy.Results Corneal nerve fiber length (17.1 ±4.9) vs (14.0±3.8) mm/mm2; t=13.484,P＜0.05),newe branch density ((53.1 ±18.8) vs (36.2±11.5) mm/mm2 ; t =9.369,P ＜ 0.01) and nerve fibre tortuosity ((2.07 ± 0.76) vs (0.88 ± 0.55) levels,t =12.957,P ＜0.05)were significantly increased in IGT-NPN group when compared with control group,but nerve fibre density had no difference.Nerve fiber length,nerve branch density and nerve fibre density were significantly decreased in IGT-PN group compared with control group and IGT-NPN group,while NFT was significantly increased in IGT-PN group.Conclusions Patients with impaired glucose metabolism show alterations in corneal innervations before diagnosed with diabetes mellitus or peripheral neuropathy.It indicates that corneal confocal microscopy can be used for early diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) refers to different degrees of cognitive dysfunction syndrome caused by various vascular factors.Its incidence is increasing,however,its risk factors remains unclear.Focus on early prevcntion of VCI may effectively reduce the occurrence of vascular dementia.This article reviews the risk factors for VCI.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of corneal confocal microscopy in the early small fibre neuropathy (SFN).Methods A total of 45 patients with small fibre neuropathy and 50 age-matched healthy subjects undertook a neurological evaluation,neurological deficits score (NDS),sural nerve conduction velocity,contact heat evoked potential (CHEP) and corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) to quantify small nerve fibre pathology.Four parameters including nerve fiber length (NFL),nerve branch density (NBD),nerve fiber density (NFD) and nerve fibre tortuosity (NFT) were calculated from the observation of corneal confocal microscopy.Results Compared with the control group,significantly decreased NFD and NBD were found in the SFN group [(42.00 ±25.26)/mm2 vs (72.38 ± 14.09) /mm2 ;(31.93 ± 13.21)/mm2 vs (46.24 ± 11.48)/mm2 ; with all P ＜ 0.05],while NFT were significantly increased in the SFN group [(2.48 ±0.87) levels vs (0.88 ±0.56) levels,P ＜0.001].The neurological deficits score was correlated with NFT,NFD and NBD (r =0.782,-0.376,-0.504 ; with all P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion CCM is a new and sensitive noninvasive clinical technique that may be used to detect early small fibre nerve damage in patients with SFN.

Microparticles in the peripheral blood are generated from the activated blood cells and vascular endothelial cells. Microparticles reflect the functional situations of their original cells directly and specifically,provide the basis for revelation of mechanisms and development trends of hematological or vascular diseases and also serve as the indications for differentiation diagnosis and evaluation of clinical treatment. Therefore it is very important to detect microparticles. This article will explain the present detection methods and the correlation of microparticles with diseases to provide basis and strategy for further study.

Apoptosis is the autonomous death of cells,which is controlled by the genes and to maintain the homeostasis of the body.Apoptosis is the important mechanism in the cell's growth and development.Recent studies have found that apoptosis can affect the neighboring cells physiological process in microenvironment through directly contact or release a series of regulatory factor,which plays an important roles in the construction of tumor microenvironment.Therefore,understanding the roles of apoptosis in the normal and tumor microenvironment has great significance for further study the pathogenesis,prevention and treatment of tumor.