In recently years,the incidence rate of obesity - related glomerulopathy(ORG)is increasing. Adi-pose tissue as a new endocrine organ releases inflammatory factors which can lead to glomerular artery endothelial damage,mesangial expansion and extracellular matrix accumulation and podocyte lesion,etc. Studies have confirmed that the chronic inflammation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of ORG. Now,the molecular mechanisms of chro-nic inflammation and its effect in the development of ORG were summarized.

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered regulatory mode of cell death, which is caused by glutathione peroxidase 4 deficiency, abnormal iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation.At present, it is considered that iron metabolism and active oxygen metabolism are the central link of ferroptosis.Ferroptosis involves a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including cancer cell death, neurotoxicity, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and T-cell immunity.Studies have shown that ferroptosis characteristics such as iron overload and lipid peroxidation may occur in different degrees during the development of a variety of nephropathy.Ferroptosis can affect the progression of renal disease by regulating the level of intracellular iron ions and lipid peroxidation.Therefore, effective regulation of ferroptosis is expected to be an important strategy in the treatment of renal diseases.In this paper, the regulation mechanism of ferroptosis and its research progress in kidney disease are reviewed to provide new theories and ideas for the treatment of renal disease.

Objective To explore the relationship between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG),and to analyze the possible mechanism for ORG and the new approach to its treatment.Methods Based on their body weight,30 SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups : the normal control group (15 rats) fed with common food and the ORG model group (15 rats) fed with fat-enriched diets.The rats were sacrificed at the end of the 8th week,and their kidneys were taken out.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect TGF-β1 protein expression.Real time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to extract and detect the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA,and Western blot was applied to examine the expression of TGF-β1 protein.The findings were analyzed by using SPSS 13.0 software.Results Compared with the control group, qualitative TGF-β1 expression in ORG model group were significantly increased detected by immunohistochemistry mainly in renal tubules and interstitium.The average absorbance value of the control group and the model ORG group was 0.040-0.013,0.171 ± 0.084, respectively.The difference was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).The expression of TGF-β1 mRNA detected by RT-PCR was also increased compared with that of the control group(4.4 vs 0.6).The difference was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).The protein expression of TGF-β 1 examined by Western blot showed that it was more than that in the control group(4.3 vs 0.4).The difference between the control group and ORG model group was statistically significant(P =0.002).Conclusions The expression of TGF-β 1 in kidneys of ORG model rats increased, which not only indicates it can participate in ORG's occurrence and development, but also provide the basis to find out the mechanism and the approach to treatment.

The morbidity of obesity-related glomerulopathy(ORG) is on the increase in recent years.Studies have demonstrated that the chronic inflammation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity related metabolic dysfunction.LipoxinA4 (LXA4) is an important anti-inflammatory lipid mediator,which is well known as the stop signal of the inflammatory reaction that can promote the resolution of inflammation.This review will provide a survey of recent advances on ORG and LXA4.

Objective To explore the possible mechanisms of the protective effect of leflunomide on kidneys by observing the effects of leflunomide on rat kidney tissue of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) expression level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1.Methods Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:normal control group (n =8),FSGS model group (n =8) and leflunomide treatment group (n =8).Unilateral nephrectomy 1 week after repeated injection of doxorubicin established FSGS model.Since 2 weeks after surgery,the treatment group had been given the leflunomide suspension 5 mg/(kg · d) orally,while normal control group and model group had been given the same amount of solvent orally.In the 8th week of the experiment,the rats were sacrificed and the specimens were collected,so serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,total cholesterol,albumin and 24 hours urinary protein were recorded; renal tissue was taken for pathological examination and calculation of glomerular sclerosis index (GSI) was made;immunohistochemical detection of TGF-β1 expression in the kidney was performed;The expression of TGF-β1 was examined by Western blot.Results Compared with normal control group,FSGS model group and leflunomide treatment group rats' 24 hours urinary protein excretion,serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,and cholesterol significantly increased while serum albumin significantly reduced severe renal pathological changes and TGF-β1 protein expression was significantly increased,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05) ; Compared with the FSGS model group,in the 8th weekend of the experiments,the treated rats' 24 hours urinary protein excretion,relevant serum biochemical indicators of renal pathological changes had different degrees of improvement in renal tissue and TGF-β1 protein expression was decreased,so the differences above were statistically significant(all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Leflunomide may reduce the FSGS kidney tissue fibrosis by inhibiting the expression of TGF-β1,and thus protect the kidneys.

Objective To investigate the expression of CKLF?2 mRNA in rats′ myocardium at different development phase. Methods Total RNA was extracted from fetal rat hearts at day12 and day 18 after coitus, and from new-born rat hearts right after birth, day 3, day 7 and day 21 after birth, as well as from adult rat hearts. The expression of CKLF?2 mRNA was tested by competitive polymerase chain reaction (CPCR). Results Compared with the postnatal myocardium, the expression of CKLF?2 mRNA obtained its peak level in the 12-day-post coitus, which then decreased gradually to a relatively low level until birth. It increased slightly at birth and subsided to the lowest level in adulthood. Conclusion CKLF?2 probably takes part in the procession of the myocardial proliferation and the development of rat′s heart.

Objective To detect gray matter abnormalities of whole brain in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease(AD)by voxel-based morphometry(VBM).Methods Thirteen patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and sixteen normal aging volunteers underwent 3D SPGR scanning.For every subject,data was transferred to PC to be normalized,segmented and smoothed using SPM99.Non-dependent samples T-tests were conducted to compare gray matter density voxel to voxel between the two groups.Results Significant reductions in gray matter density were found in the bilateral hippocampi and nucleus amygdalae,bilateral insulae,bilateral medial thalami,bilateral rectus gyri,right superior temporal gyrus,right caudate nucleus,right prefrontal lobe,right basal forebrain and portions of right occipital lobe.Conclusion VBM reveals significant gray matter reductions of numeral cortices in mild Alzheimer's disease.It can be a useful method to evaluate the anatomical changes in the progress of the disease.

Objective To detect abnormal anisotropy on the splenium of the corpus callosum in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Methods Normalized hippocampal volume and fractional anisotropy on the splenium of the corpus callosum were measured in 13 patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease and 19 normally aging volunteers. Non-dependent samples t-tests were conducted to compare them between the two groups. In addition, the sensitivity in the diagnosis of mild Alzheimer’s disease was calculated.Results The splenium of the corpus callosum showed reduced anisotropy in mild Alzheimer’s disease. The normalized hippocampal volume also decreased in patients. The FA of the splenium of the corpus callosum was more sensitive in the diagnosis of mild Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion The decreased anisotropy on the splenium of the corpus callosum reflects the degeneration of the fibers, and it is promising in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.

A vascular closure device (VCD) is a medical apparatus which is used for stopping bleeding at the puncture point after percutaneous vascular puncturing management. According to its principles , these devices can be categorized into active closure device, compression-assisted device and local hemostatic plaster. The use of these devices can shorten the time of hemostasis, the time of limb immobilization, and the time of hospitalization; it can also reduce the damage to the patient, improve patient’s comfort, and reduce the work load of the medical staff as well. But each VCD has its own applicable scope and learning curve , thus it might cause serious complications when it is improperly used. Therefore , in using VCD the interventional physicians should be familiar with the characteristics of each special VCD and have enough knowledge concerning the treatment of the common complications. This paper aims to make a comprehensive review of the closure device manufacturer data and the relevant literatures recently published so as to make a brief introduction of the principle, characteristics, scope of application and practical tips of several common vascular closure devices.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between R405Q polymorphism of GLI1 gene and tetralogy of fallot(TOF).Methods In the case-control study,the R405Q polymorphism of GLI1 gene in 112 children with TOF and 200 healthy controls were detected with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).The distribution of genotype and allele frequency at R405Q polymorphism site were analyzed and to investigate its relationship with the risk of TOF.ResultsThe distribution of genotype frequency at R405Q polymorphism site was not different between TOF group and the healthy control group(x2 =5.317 ,P = 0.07) .However, the distribution of allele frequency at R405Q polymorphism site was significantly different between TOF group and the healthy control group (x2 = 6.790, P = 0.009) , and the relative risk for TOF in A allele carriers was higher than that in G allele carriers (OR = 1.561,95％ CI 1.116 ～ 2.185) Conclusion The R405Q polymorphism of GLI1 gene is associated with TOF and people with A allele have higher risk with TOF.GLI1 gene might be the genetic susceptibility gene of TOF.