30 kg/m2 served as obesity group.Using Gross formula,the true total blood loss was calculated depending on the height,body mass and pre-and post-operative Hct,and hidden blood loss was gotten by subtracting the visible blood loss from total loss.③The correlation between visible and hidden blood loss was observed.RESULTS:All 41 patients undergoing THA and 37 TKA were involved in the result analysis.①Following THA,the mean total loss was 1 520 mL and the hidden blood loss 482 mL(32%).Following TKA,the mean total loss was 1 508 mL and the hidden blood loss was 776 mL(52%).The hidden blood loss between THA and TKA was significantly different(P 0.05).CONCLUSION:①The hidden blood loss in TKA is far higher than THA.It is very important to supplement the blood volume during TKA for the insufficiency to regain general circulation although using blood re-infusion.②It may improve clinical evaluation capabilities to estimate hidden blood loss and thus result in better patient care after joint arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the efficacy and safety of rosiglitazone and metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes,and provide evidence-based reference for the clinical treatment. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,Medline, EMBase,Cochrane Library,CJFD,VIP and Wanfang database,randomized controlled trials (RCT) about rosiglitazone (test group)and metformin(control group)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. After data extract and quality evaluation,Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.0 statistics software. RESULTS:A total of 5 RCT were included involving 636 patients. Re-sults of Meta-analysis showed the incidence of diarrhea [RR=0.23,95%CI(0.07,0.81),P=0.000] in test groupwere significantly lower than control group,the HbA1c level [MD=0.22,95%CI(0.07,0.38),P=0.004],the incidence of edema [RR=0.20,95%CI (0.05,0.57),P=0.011] in test group was significantly higher than control group,and there was no significant difference in the fast-ing blood glucose level[MD=0.27,95%CI(-0.26,0.79),P=0.32],the incidence of nausea/vomiting [RR=0.94,95%CI(0.06, 0.89),P=0.692]between 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS:Metformin is more effective than rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 dia-betes,however,the incidence of diarrhea should be noticed. Due to the limit of methodological quality and sample size,it remains to be further verified with more rigorously designed and long-term follow-up of large-scale RCT.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of akatinol memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods Two hundred and forty-one patients with AD were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg of donepezil daily or 20 mg of memantine daily for 24 weeks.The primary efficacy variables were the Clinician' s Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus (CIBIC-Plus),the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognition (ADAS-cog) and the Activities of Daily Living (ADL).The secondary efficacy variables were the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE).Results Two hundred and seven patients completed the study and were evaluated at week 24.Both memantine and donepezil had significant efficacies at the end point, according to the ADAS-cog, the ADL, the NPI and the MMSE.Patients receiving memantine had a similar outcome as those receiving donepezil, according to the results of all the variables changes (CIBIC-Plus: memantine 3.4±0.8vs donepezil 3.5±0.8; ADAS-cog: memantine-4.7±5.8 vs donepezil-4.6±6.5; ADL: memantine -2.4±6.7 vs donepezil-2.2±5.3 ; NP1: memantine-5.8±9.0 vs donepezil-3.1±8.5 ; MMSE:memantine 1.7±3.1 vs donepezil 1.8±2.8, all P >0.05).The adverse events were as following: donepezil group 41.88% and memanintine group 30.58%.Conclusion The memantine as a new drug for AD, has the similar efficacy as donepezil, and it is safe.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of Kawasaki disease shock syndrome(KDSS)in children by comparing the clinical and laboratory characteristics with those of non-shock Kawasaki disease(KD)pa-tients. Methods Consecutive hospitalized patients diagnosed as KD were included,who had been admitted into the Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 1 and December 31,2015. There were 11 cases complicated with shock (KDSS group)and 61 cases without shock (non-shock KD group). The demographic,clinical and laboratory data were collected from all these 72 patients and comparisons were made between the KDSS group and the non-shock KD group. The parameters correlated with KDSS were evaluated by Logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 72 patients with KD,males accounted for 77. 8％ (56 / 72 cases),and 11 cases (15. 3％,11 / 72 ca-ses)met the diagnosis of KDSS. All the patients with KDSS received fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drug,and 2 cases (18. 2％,2 / 11 cases)showed resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin. There were 2 cases (18. 2％,2 / 11 cases)in the KDSS group and 10 cases (16. 4％,10 / 61 cases)in the non-shock KD group presented as incomplete KD on ad-mission. Ten cases (90. 9％,10 / 11 cases)showed abnormal echocardiography (coronary artery dilation and mitral re-gurgitation were mostly observed)in the KDSS group,otherwise 11 cases (18. 0％,11 / 61 cases)in the non-shock KD group,and there was a significant difference(P = 0. 000). Two cases (18. 2％,10 / 11 cases)had an acute gastrointesti-nal bleeding in the KDSS group,while none in the non-shock KD,and there was a significant difference(P = 0. 001). The patients with vomiting were significantly more in the KDSS group[54. 5％(6 / 11 cases)]than the non-shock KD group [16. 4％(10 / 61 cases)],and there was a significant difference(P = 0. 005). The significant differences in most laboratory indexes between the KDSS group and the non-shock KD group were as follows:(131. 91 ± 3. 86)mmol/ L vs. (136. 02 ± 4. 23)mmol/ L in sodium concentration (P = 0. 000),(834. 91 ± 1411. 48)ng/ L vs. (128. 28 ± 98. 92) ng/ L in B-type natriuretic peptide (P = 0. 000),(0. 72 ± 2. 19)μg/ L vs. (0. 00 ± 0. 01)μg/ L in troponin I (P =0. 010),(25. 44 ± 34. 06)μg/ L vs. (1. 18 ± 1. 97)μg/ L in procalcitonin (P = 0. 000). Also,immunological status of these patients with KDSS and non-shock KD varied as follows:(44. 39 ± 11. 86)％ vs. (59. 69 ± 10. 86)％ in CD3 + T lymphocytes (P = 0. 000),(25. 17 ± 8. 78)％ vs. (35. 77 ± 11. 24)％ in CD4 + T lymphocytes (P = 0. 005), (9. 93 ± 5. 63)％ vs. (5. 41 ± 0. 63)％ in natural killer(NK)cells (P = 0. 000),(40. 93 ± 13. 74)％ vs. (29. 18 ± 9. 53)％ in B cells (P = 0. 000). Logistic regression analysis showed that troponin I[odds ratio(OR)= 4. 173,Wald =56. 967,P < 0. 001],PCT(OR = 0. 378,Wald = 14. 738,P = 0. 007),and NK cells (OR = 0. 053,Wald = 6. 656,P =0. 008)were the factors associated with KDSS. Conclusions The abnormalities of gastrointestinal tract and echocardio-graphy in KDSS were significantly higher than those of the non-shock KD. Although multifactor analysis results just showed that troponin I,PCT,NK cells were associated with KDSS. If KD patients have hyponatremia,abnormal elevation of B-type natriuretic peptide and dysfunction of cellular immunity,KDSS might be considered.

Objective:To explore the effect of the interaction between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum uric acid (SUA) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD).Methods:Patients who performed PD catheterization at the PD center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and had initiated PD therapy for over 3 months from January 2006 to December 2016 were enrolled and followed up until December 2018. Demographic data, baseline clinical and laboratory examination results of the patients were collected. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression analysis were used to explore the correlation between SUA and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality in different eGFR groups of PD patients.Results:A total of 2 124 PD patients were enrolled with age of (47.0±15.2) years, among whom 1 269 patients were male and 536 patients had diabetes. The SUA level was (429±96) μmol/L and the median level of eGFR was 6.69(5.17, 8.61) ml·min -1·(1.73 m 2) -1. After a median follow-up time of 42 months, 554 patients died, among whom 275 patients were cardiovascular death. The Cox regression analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction between eGFR and SUA on all-cause mortality ( P=0.043). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the tertile 1 (SUA<384 μmol/L) and tertile 3 (SUA>460 μmol/L) group had significantly higher all-cause mortality ( P=0.009) than the reference group of tertile 2 (SUA 384-460 μmol/L) in the higher eGFR group [eGFR>6.69 ml·min -1·(1.73 m 2) -1]but not in the lower eGFR. After adjusting for relevant demographic data, complications, biochemical results and other variables, in patients with higher eGFR, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 0.2% ( HR=1.002, 95% CI 1.000-1.003, P=0.019) for every 1 μmol/L increase in SUA. In addition, compared with the tertile 2 reference group, the tertile 3 group was independently correlated with higher risk of all-cause mortality ( HR=1.670, 95% CI 1.242-2.245, P=0.001). Conclusions:The eGFR and SUA level significantly interacts with all-cause mortality, and the higher SUA level in higher eGFR group is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in PD patients.

BACKGROUND:Digital three-dimensional reconstruction technology is gradually applied to orthopedic diseases with the advantages of visualization,accuracy and non-invasiveness,but there is less evidence-based support for its use in artificial hip hemiarthroplasty for intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in the elderly. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the application value and economic effects of digital three-dimensional reconstruction techniques in artificial hip hemiarthroplasty of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in the elderly. METHODS:One hundred and thirty elderly patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures admitted to Zunyi First People's Hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were selected and randomly divided into a control group(n=65)and an observation group(n=65).Artificial hip hemiarthroplasty was performed in both groups.The control group adopted the film template measurement method for manual preoperative planning while the observation group adopted a digital three-dimensional reconstruction technique.Preoperative planning and intraoperative actual application of prosthesis compliance rate,fibrinogen,D-dimer,bilateral femoral eccentric distance difference,bilateral lower limb length difference,Harris hip function score,visual analog scale score,excellent and good rate of hip function,complications,and hospitalization cost were observed in both groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The proportion of acetabular side and femoral side prosthesis in grade 0(fully compliant)was higher in the observation group than that in the control group(P<0.05).(2)Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group 3 days after surgery(P<0.05).(3)The difference in bilateral femoral eccentric distance and the difference in bilateral lower limb length in the observation group were smaller than those in the control group immediately after surgery(P<0.05).The differences in Harris and visual analog scale scores were not significantly different between the two groups preoperatively,6 and 12 months postoperatively(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in excellent and good rate of hip function between the two groups 12 months postoperatively(P>0.05).(4)There was no significant difference in the complication rate between the two groups(P>0.05).The hospitalization cost of the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).(5)It is indicated that digital three-dimensional reconstruction technology applied in artificial hip hemiarthroplasty of intertrochanteric femoral fracture in the elderly can not only accurately determine the prosthesis type before surgery,but also accurately reconstruct the bilateral lower limbs offline,but its hospitalization cost is high.

Objective:To explore the clinical value of modified upper urinary tract video urodynamics in evaluating the surgical effect and guiding the follow-up treatment after ureteral reconstruction.Methods:From December 2018 to November 2020, sixty-nine patients underwent upper urinary tract reconstruction and received modified video urodynamics at the time of nephrostomy removal 3 months after the surgery in the RECUTTER database (29 cases in Peking University First Hospital, 22 cases in Emergency General Hospital, and 18 cases in Beijing Jiangong Hospital). There were 39 males and 30 females, with an average age of (40.4±12.7)years. The stricture was located in left in 34 patients, right side in 27 patients, and bilateral sides in 8 patients. The upper, middle, and lower thirds of the ureter were affected in 26, 10, and 33 cases, respectively. The preoperative creatinine was (92.3±26.9)μmol/L, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was (85.1±23.2)ml/(min·1.73m 2). The upper urinary tract reconstruction included ileal replacement of ureter in 25 cases (36.2%), pyeloplasty in 8 cases (11.6%), ureteroneocystostomy in 9 cases (13.0%), boari flap in 6 cases (8.7%), lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty in 9 cases (13.0%), appendiceal onlay ureteroplasty in 3 cases (4.3%), ureteroureterostomy in 3 cases (4.3%), and balloon dilation in 6 cases (8.7%). Based on the pressure and imaging, the results could be divided into three types, type Ⅰ, the pressure difference remained stable near baseline, and the renal pelvis pressure was below 22 cmH 2O(1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa), and the reconstructed ureter is well visualized during the whole perfusion process; type Ⅱ, the pressure difference increases with the perfusion, but it can decrease to a normal level with the ureteral peristalsis; type Ⅲ, the pressure difference exceeds 15 cmH 2O, and the ureteral peristalsis is weak or disappears at the same time. The management strategies and treatment effects of different subtypes were analyzed. Successful treatment was defined as no further treatment required, the absence of hydronephrosis-related symptoms, and the improved or stabilized degree of hydronephrosis. Results:All 69 patients successfully completed upper urinary tract video urodynamics. The pressure difference was higher than 15 cmH 2O in 8 patients, and the median pressure difference was 37(19-54)cmH 2O. The renal pelvis pressure exceeded 22 cmH 2O in 10 patients, and the median pressure was 63.5 (24-155) cmH 2O. Video urodynamic results of upper urinary tract were classified as type Ⅰ in 60 cases, type Ⅱ in 5 cases, and type Ⅲ in 4 cases. Patients in type Ⅰ do not require other treatment after nephrostomy tube removal. Patients in type Ⅱ should avoid holding urine after the removal of nephrostomy and D-J tubes. All patients in type Ⅲ received further treatment, of which 2 patients replaced D-J tube regularly, 1 patient underwent long-term metal ureteral stent replacement, and 1 patient underwent ureteroscopic balloon dilation. The median follow-up time was 24 (18-42) months. All patients in type Ⅰ met the criteria for surgical success, The pre-and postoperative creatinine in type Ⅰ patients were (88.71±23.09)μmol/L and (88.75±23.64)μmol/L ( P=0.984), and eGFR were (88.06±22.66)ml/(min· 1.73m 2)and (87.97±23.01)ml/(min·1.73m 2), respectively( P=0.969). For type Ⅱ patients, ultrasound showed that the degree of hydronephrosis improved in 3 cases and remained stable in 2 cases. The pre-and postoperative creatinine were (105.97±7.75)μmol/L and (97.63±7.56)μmol/L ( P=0.216), and eGFR were (69.08±14.74)ml/(min·1.73m 2)and (75.95±14.02)ml/(min·1.73m 2)( P=0.243), respectively. For type Ⅲ patients, ultrasound showed that the degree of hydronephrosis remained stable. The pre-and postoperative creatinine were (105.14±44.34)μmol/L and (101.49±57.02)μmol/L ( P=0.684), and eGFR were (65.32±19.85)ml/(min·1.73m 2) and (73.42±27.88) ml/(min·1.73m 2), respectively( P=0.316). Conclusions:The pressure and imaging results of modified upper urinary tract video urodynamics can assist in evaluating the surgical effect of ureteral reconstruction, and the classification has certain guiding significance for further treatment.

Objective To investigate the role of lncRNA SNHG1 in homocysteine-induced pyroptosis of podocyte.Methods Cbs+/-mice were randomly divided into two groups:a normal diet group(ND)and a high me-thionine diet group(HMD).Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of Caspase-1,Cleaved Caspase-1,and NLRP3.Mouse renal glomerular podocytes were cultured in vitro,and then assigned into a control group(Control,0 μmol/L Hcy)and a homocysteine intervention group(Hcy,80 μmol/L Hcy).Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of Caspase-1,Cleaved Caspase-1,and NLRP3.Mouse renal glomerular podocyion group(OE-NC + Hcy)and the lncSNHG1 overexpression + homocysteine intervention group(OE-SNHG1 + Hcy)were also established.After 48 hours of intervention,Real-time fluorescence quantita-tive PCR was used to detect the expression of lncSNHG1 in podocytes after Hcy intervention.Western blot was used to detect the expressions of Caspase-1,Cleaved Caspase-3 and NLRP3.Immunofluorescence was used to de-tect the expression levels of GSDMD and GSDMD-N.ELISA was used to detect the contents of IL-1β and IL-18.Results(1)In the animal experiments,the expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins Caspase-1,Cleaved Caspase-1,NLRP3,GSDMD,and GSDMD-N were all increased in the HMD group compared with the ND group.(2)In the cellular experiments,the expression levels of Caspase-1,Cleaved Caspase-1,NLRP3,GSDMD,and GSDMD-N were all increased in the Hcy group compared with the Control group,and the contents of pyroptosis-mediated inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18 were increased as well.(3)In the cellular experiments,the expres-sion of lncSNHG1 was increased in the Hcy group compared with the control group.After transduction with lnc-SNHG1 lentivirus,the expression of lncSNHG1 was increased in the OE-SNHG1 group,compared with the control group and the OE-NC group.(4)In the cellular experiments,the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins Cas-pase-1,Cleaved Caspase-1,NLRP3,GSDMD,and GSDMD-N were increased compared with the OE-NC+Hcy group,and the contents of pyroptosis-mediated inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in the OE-SNHG1+Hcy group.Conclusion These results indicate that lncSNHG1 may play a role in promoting Hcy induced podocytepyroptosis.

BACKGROUND:Hyperhomocysteinemia is closely related to the function of islet β cells,but its specific molecular mechanism is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of N6 methyltransferase-like 3(METTL3)in homocysteine(Hcy)-induced autophagy of mouse islet β cells. METHODS:The 3rd and 4th generation mouse islet β cells were taken for the experiment.(1)Cell modeling and grouping:cells in control group were not treated with Hcy,while those in homocysteine group were treated with 100 μmol/L Hcy for 48 hours.(2)The mouse islet β-cells were transfected with the plasmids overexpressing Ad-METTL3 and si-METTL3 according to the instructions of LipofectamineTM 2000.Three different interfering fragments were designed,and the one with the best interfering efficiency was verified and screened by PCR.(3)After transfection,the cells were divided into control group,Hcy group,Ad-NC(negative control)+Hcy group,Ad-METTL3+Hcy group,si-NC(negative control)+Hcy group and si-METTL3+Hcy group.(4)qRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the expression levels of METTL3 and autophagy-related proteins LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ and p62 in cells.Insulin level was determined by ELISA to evaluate insulin secretion capacity of islet cells.Autophagy-related proteins and insulin level were detected after overexpression and interference with METTL3. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group,the expression level of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ was increased(P＜0.05),the expression of p62 was significantly reduced(P＜0.05),and the insulin secretion capacity was significantly decreased(P＜0.05)in the Hcy group.Compared with the control group,the protein and mRNA levels of METTL3 were reduced in the Hcy group(P＜0.05).After METTL3 silencing in islet β cells,Hcy further upregulated the expression of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ(P＜0.05),significantly dowregulated the expression of p62(P＜0.05),and increased the insulin level(P＜0.05).After overexpression of METTL3,Hcy significantly decreased the LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ expression and increased the p62 expression in islet β cells(P＜0.05).To conclude,METTL3 is involved in the Hcy-induced autophagy regulation of islet β cells and plays a role in the regulation of insulin secretion.

TSCI have dyskinesia and sensory disturbance that can cause various life-threaten complications. The patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. Based on the epidemiology of TSCI and domestic and foreign literatures as well as expert investigations, this expert consensus reviews the definition, injury classification, rehabilitation assessment, rehabilitation strategies and rehabilitation measures of TSCI so as to provide early standardized rehabilitation treatment methods for TSCI.