Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are promising fields that will enable personalized therapy. However, one of the most important issues to be conquered in the practice of personalized medicine is the translation of scientific discoveries into better therapeutic outcomes. The international pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic approaches made in the field of personalized medicine and drug discovery are summarized in this review.

Modern pharmacogenomics demonstrates that genetic polymorphisms account for the most important factor of adverse drug reactions and interindividual variations of drug therapy. Personalized medicine aims to choose the appropriate drugs and dosage for increasing the efficacy and safety with minimal adverse effects based on the patients' genotypes. This article introduce the progresses in pharmacogenomics in China, discusse many factors that influence the application of personalized medicine from bench to bedside, and highlighted the challenges and further development of this field in the future.

The extent to which sex influence CYP activity remains unclear in humans. Estrogen have widespread biologic actions especially estradiol , it can be used in ERT and Oral contraceptives. What is the effect of estrogen on drug metabolism and transport? If estrogen can regulate the genes of drug metabolism and transport,what is the mechanism.

Vitamin is necessary and important for humans and an-imals to maintain normal physiological function, metabolism, and growth. The studies suggest that vitamin is one of the factors which play a role in the activity of enzymes, and it is coenzyme of many enzyme or an important component of coenzyme. The lack of vitamins causes a metabolic vitamin deficiency. Pharma-cogenomics research the relationship between human genetic vari-ation and drug reaction, using the information to solve the differ-ent reactions among the different individuals of the same drug. Vitamins, which constitute human tissues and maintain normal physiological functions, are also an important part for the phar-macogenomics study.

Nowadays,cerebrovascular disease is one of the main causes of human death.Activation and aggregation of the platelet play core roles in the development of cerebrovascular diseases.A lot of clinical applications have showed that there are great interindividual differences in the response to antiplatelet drugs,and many patients have developed drug resistances.Pharmacogenetic studies have revealed that genetics is one of the key factors resulting in the interindividual differences of the response to antiplatelet drugs.In this overview,the newest advancement in pharmacogenetics is summarized with respect to the antiplatelet drugs.

Warfarin is one of the most widely used anticoagulants in clinical setting.There are great interindividual differences in both therapeutic efficacy and dose requirement,which greatly limits its application in clinic.This article summarizes the influence of genetic factors on interindividual and interethnic differences of warfarin,providing sufficient guidance for personalized medicine.

Neuromyelitis optica ( NMO) is an idiopathic autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system ( CNS) that predominantly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord.It is especially common in Asia. An association between NMO and other autoimmune diseases has been frequently reported, which is different from multiple sclerosis( MS) ,this phenomenon may due to different genetic background between these two diseases.There are reports on different populations to make this clear,which showed human leukocyte antigen( HLA) class II distribu-tion was unique entity different between NMO and MS or healthy controls,this would be a great help to make clear the mechanism underlying NMO pathogenesis.

Since the late twentieth century,the progress of ge-nomics,proteomics and other areas has promoted modern medi-cine from the era of evidence-based medicine to the era of preci-sion medicine.With the studies of the relationships between ge-nomic information and clinical phenotypes,precise medicine,to improve clinical outcomes and minimize unnecessary side effects,develops and implements individualized medicine ac-cording to patients’personalized specificities through pharma-cogenomics.Basic research and clinical translation of precision medicine do help to improve the health system of our country.

0 05) Under the same treatment concentration of rsFasL or granzyme B, percentage in TUNEL positive staining and Caspase 3 activity in the experimental group were much lower than those in the control group ( P

Objective:To investigate the effect of vacant capsules made from hydroxypropyl starch on the content of spironolac-tone. Methods:The spironolactone capsules were placed under the conditions with (4 000 ± 500) lx, 40℃ and RH (75 ± 5) % for 5 days and 10 days, respectively. An HPLC method was used to analyze the content of spironolactone, and the changes in appearance, color and the other traits were also observed. Results:The content of spironolactone was within the range of 93. 45%-100. 37% after the above tests, which was conformed to the standard(93. 0%-107. 0%). Conclusion:The vacant capsules made from hydroxypropyl starch rival have good compatibility with spironolactone.