Objective To analyze postoperative complications of surgical therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremity. Method From January 2001 to January 2008 vena cava filters were placed in 171 DVT cases before surgery. Fogarty catheter (73 cases), Amplatz thrombectomy device (ATD) (55 cases), Acolysis ultrasound ablation(43 cases) were used to extract the thrombi in iliac and proximal femoral vein. The full extraction of thrombi in distal end was facilitated by compressing and massaging the legs in all cases. Iliac venous stenosis or occlusion was managed by interventional therapy, and temporary femoral arteriovenous fistula were carried out routinly. Result Operations were successful in 157 cases(70 cases in Fogarty group, 52 in ATD group,35 in Acolysis ultrasound ablation group), and failed in 14 cases (3 cases in Fogarty group, 3 in ATD group, 8 in Acolysis ultrasound ablation group). Permanent,retrievable and temporary vena cava filters were placed in 51,32 and 88 cases respectively. Stenosis or occulsions of the iliac vein was found in 143 cases and stents were placed after balloon dilatation in 41 cases. During the operation, residual thrombi was found in 80 cases. Vessel perforation and rupture were complicated in 14 cases, thrombosis adhering in eava vein filters in 18 cases. There was no mortality and no pulmonary thromboembolism. During the follow-up, we found iliae vein restenosis in 21 cases, thrombosis recurrence in 36 cases, stents displacement in 6 cases, and stents fracture in 2 cases. Conclusion Surgical therapy is effective for DVT of the lower extremities.

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of interventional combine with surgical therapy of symptomatic portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Methods Seven patients with PVT were treated by surgical thrombectomy, regional medical thrombolysis, and angioplasty or stenting. Resection of part of the small intestine was performed in 2 cases due to enteric necrosis and in 1 case because of enteric stenosis. Results The procedure was successful in all the 7 patients. The preoperative symptoms (abdominal pain, distention, and ascites) were alleviated apparently. Follow-up observations for 3~24 months (mean, 16 months) showed no death. No alimentary tract hemorrhage occurred. Re-examinations with Doppler ultrasonography revealed patent blood flow in the portal vein. Conclusions Interventional combined with surgical therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of symptomatic portal venous thrombosis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate interventional therapy for Buddi-Chiari syndrome with occlusive hepatic veins.MethodsIn this study,37 Budd-Chiari syndrome cases with occlusive hepatic vein undergoing abdominal ultrasonography, CT scan, and liver vascular reconstruction before operation.Interventional procedures included recanalization of occlusive hepatic veins through transjugular,transfemoral vein or both. ResultsProcedures were successful in 34 patients (success rate 34/37,92％ ),with 38 hepatic veins opened. After hepatic vein was opened,nine patients were treated with PTA alone.27 stents were placed in 25 patients,with 2 cases receiving stent placement in both the right hepatic vein and accessory hepatic vein.7 home-made Z-stent were placed after the opening of occluded inferior vena cara.After the procedures hepatic vein pressure dropped from ( 36.0 ± 3.4) cm to ( 21.0 ± 2.3 ) cm H20.Recurrence of stenosis or oclusion was found in 4 out of 9 receiving PTA only after a follow-up of (23.0 ± 2.0) months.In the other 23 patients with stent implantation there were 6 eases of restenosis or occlusion (6/23,26％ ). ConclusionsAccording to the hepatic vein and intrahepatic collateral venous occlusion conditions,correct selection of interventional methods can significantly decrease the hepatic and portal vein pressure,improve clinical symptoms.

Objective To evaluate the surgical and interventional therapy in patients with acute superior mesenteric vein thrombosis.Methods In this series,31 acute superior mesenteric vein thrombosis(SMVT) cases were reviewed from Oct 2006 to Feb 2012.According to varied clinical presence,patients received superior mesenteric vein thrombectomy with necrotic bowel resection or indirected catheter thrombolysis through superior mesenteric artery.Results 6 of 9 cases undergoing surgery were cured and other 3 still complained abdominal distension when discharged for not being able to bear anticoagulation and thrombolysis after operation due to alimentary tract hemorrhage,and residual thrombus was shown in superior veins by venography.17 of 22 treated by interventional therapy gained obvious relief within 72 hours after intervention,others gained symptomatic relief in 5-7 days.Indirected catheter thrombolysis were interrupted in 2 due to alimentary tract hemorrhage.One patient was shifted to surgery 48 hours after catheter thrombolysis due to deterioration.Mean duration of follow-up after hospital discharge was (19 ± 5) months in 25 cases,20 had no abdominal distension and pain,3 with postcibal abdominal distension.Conclusions Indirected thrombolytic therapy by way of the superior mesenteric artery is a technically simple,safe and effective therapy for patients with acute SMVT.

ObjectiveTo explore the causes of recurrence of Budd Chiari syndrome after radical resection and the key points of second surgery. Methods Venography was performed in 11 relapsing cases. The diseased IVC segment was resected and replaced with artificial vascular graft in 4 cases, membranectomy and thrombectomy were performed in 2 cases. Thrombectomy with artificial vascular patch cavoplasty in 4 cases, incision of the stenotic IVC and right hepatic venoplasty and IVC venoplasty with artificial vascular patch repairing was performed in 1 case. Result The mortality rate was zero. Acute heart failure occurred in 2 cases and thoracic hemorrhea in 2 cases. Symptoms disappeared or improved in all cases. Patients were followed up from 6 to 68 months, with excellent results in 9 cases and fair in 2 cases. Conclusion There were some factors influcing the long term results of the surgery including distal free length from diseased IVC, thrombus clearance, material and size of the patch used for venoplasty.

Objective To evaluate balloon angioplasty and stenting of the hepatic veins for the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome with long segmental inferior vena cava (IVC).Methods The hepatic veins were evaluated by colour Doppler,CT or MR.Epidiaphragmatic inferior vena cavography was performed to locate the stenused opening of the hepatic veins,in case of membrane occlusion of the hepatic veins,a puncture was attempted with Rups100 needle and then balloon dilation of the hepatic veins and stents implantation was carried out.Results In 40 cases of long segmental inferior vena cava ( IVC ) occlusive Budd-Chiari syndrome,membranous obstruction of the hepatic veins was found in 5 cases and short-segmental occlusion in 24 cases.28 cases were successfully treated with balloon dilation and stents implantation,including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty(PTA) of hepatic vein in 5 cases,and stent implantation in 23 cases,puncture procedure was failed in 1 case.Postoperative follow-up was made in 26 cases from 6 to 62 months ( mean,24.0 ± 1.3 months ).Symptoms recurred in 6 cases.Hepatic vein restenosis or occlusion were observed using color Doppler ultrasound in 6 cases.Conclusions Most lesions in hepatic veins were membranous obstruction or short-segmental occlusion among patients with long-segmental occlusion of IVC.Balloon angioplasty and stenting of hepatic veins for long segmental IVC occlusive Budd-Chiari syndrome through jugular vein can relieve hepatic venous obstruction and relieve portal hypertension.

Objective To evaluate the prevention and management for the complications in interventional therapy for the lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). Methods In this study 207 ASO cases received interventional therapy. The relationship between complication rates and different TASC type and the influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) with coronary heart disease (CHD) on critical organs complication rates was analyzed. Results The intervention succeeded in 190 cases. There was 17 failures, including 13 procedure failures and 4 deaths due to postoperative critical organ complications. Among the complications there were puncture site hemorrhage in 12, pseudoaneurysm in 4, alimentary tract hemorrhage in 2, arteriorrhexis in 6, cerebral infarction in 8, acute heart failure in 9, respiratory failure in 13, renal failure in 6, thrombosis in 5 and blue-toe syndrome in 1. The intraoperative complication rate of femoral-political type (39.84%, 51/128) was high than that of aorta-iliac type (18.99%, 15/79) (P< 0.05). Those critical organ complication rates of patients with DM and patients with DM&CHD were 27.66% (13/47)and 24.49% (12/49)respectively, they were higher than that of patients without (5%, 2/40) (P<0.05). Conclusions The high complication rates during interventional therapy of ASO were because of misoperation and complicated pathological type and together with DM and CHD. These rates could be decreased when we treated DM and CHD before operation and chosen a reasonable method and shorten the duration of operation.

Objective To evaluate a combination of interventional treatment and surgical exploration for acute lower limb ischemic disease.Methods We reviewed 42 cases admitted from July 2007 to January 2010,all patients complained pain,paralysis,pulselessness,pallor and paresthesia.After Fogarty thrombectomy angiography was taken in DSA room.Patients with angiostenosis greater than 50％ were then managed by interventional treatment(CDT,PTA,Stenting).Results Lives were saved in all patients,40 lower limbs were saved,and 2 patients received below knee amputation.The amputation rate was 4.76％.Dorsal or(and)posterior tibial artery of foot was felt in 33 patients,symptoms significantly improved.The other 7 patients still had painful and paralysis on the diseased limb.Conclusions The interventional treatment and surgical operation in acute lower limb ischemic disease is safe and result is satisfactory,which can improve the long-term patency and salvage rate of the lower limb.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of endovascular interventional treatment for infrapopliteal arterial ischemic diseases. Methods Sixty patients(65 limbs)of infrapopliteal arterial isehernia of the lower extremities received pereutancotm transluminal angioplasty(PTA)and/or stents implantation from November 2004 to July 2007.The symptoms,changes of ankle/brachial index(ABI),limb salvage rate and immediate patent rate were observed. Results PTA/stenting procedure was successful in 51 out of 60 patients(65 limbs)with the technical success rate of 83.3%.Symptoms were improved in 53 cases(88.3%)including complete symptom remission in 40 cases(66.7%),partial remission in 13 patients(21.7%).The procedure failed in 7 cases(11.6%).In successful cases,AB1 increased from preoperative 0.40±0.18 to postoperative 0.91±0.22(P＜0.01).The amputation below knee was performed in two cases and toe apodizers in four cases.The limb salvage rate was 91% during the same hospitalization.Discharged 54 cases were followed up with 14.5±1.2 months,during this period amputation above knee was performed in 2 cases,amputation below knee in 2 cases,and toe apodizers in 2 cases,with a limb salvage rate of 88.9%(48/54).Symptoms were recurrent in five cases,with recurrence rate of 9.2%.Vascular reocclusion or restenosis were found in 10 cases.the patent rate was 81.5% and the cumulative patent rate was 57.3% in one year. Conclusions Endovascular interventional treatment for infrapopliteal arterial ischemic disease is safe and effective.

Objective To evaluate the methods and efficacy of interventional treatment for subclavian arterial stenosis or occlusion retrospectively. Methods From Oct 2003 to Sop 2009,25 patients with subclavian arterial lesions , including stenosis in 13 cases and occlusion in 12 cases, underwent interventional treatment. Four patients received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) alone, and concurrent 22 stents placement were performed in 20 cases. Results The technical success rate in stenotic lesions was 100% and in occluded lesions was 91.6% with a interventional failure in 1 case. Blood pressure increased significantly after interventional treatment. The diseased side/healthy side blood pressure index increased from 0.60 ±0.11 mm Hg preoperatively to (0.95 ±0.12) mm Hg postoperatively( t = 10.53 ,P ＜0.01 ). Clinical symptoms improved, and there were no complications with strokes and embolism. 20 cases were followed up for 30 months ( from 2 months to 69 months ). Restenosis was found in 2 cases and the restenosis rate was 8.3%. The cumulative primary patency rate was 92.5% and 81.3% at 1 and 3 years,respectively. Conclusions Intervention was a less invasive and safe, effective treatment for subclavian arterial lesions.