Objective To evaluate the underlying causes of death of the in - patients with type 2 diabetes in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Methods A cohort of 247 known dead in - patients with type 2 diabetes(132 men and 115 women) was identified from 1991 ～ 2003 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Underlying causes of death were obtained from death certificates and were coded according to the International Classifecation of Diseases (ninth revision). Results In our study, carduvascular disease was the most com-mon underlying cause of death and 110 death cases were attributable to it, and 64 to neoplasms,36 to respiratory disease, 14 to digestive disease, 10 to diabetes - related diseases, 1 to traffic accident cause, 13 to other natural causes. Conclusion This study confirms the im-portance of carduvascular disease as the major cause of death in people with type 2 diabetes. The evidence of an early effect on mortality suggests that prevention , early diagnosis, and treatment should be improved.

Objective To study the relationship between ghrelin gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes.MethodsAll subjects were genotyped for these two single nucleotide polymorphisms(C408A,G346A)of ghrelin by PCR-RFLP assay.Anthropometric variables,blood glucose,insulin,lipid,uric acid and other clinic parameters were measured.Results In control group,the genotype frequencies are as follows:CC 75.4%(n=251),CA 24.0%(n=80),and AA 0.6%(n=2).In type 2 diabetes group,the genotype frequencies are as follows:CC 70.8%(n=143),CA 28.2%(n=57),and AA 1.0%(n=2).There was no significant differences of the genotype frequencies in two groups.In control group,serum total cholesterol in subjects carrying CC genotype was higher than that of subjects without CC genotype(P

In 1989 ,a general survey of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) in 44 747 Shanxi peasants,as well as Beijing and Liaoning workers and cadres revealed that the prevalence rate of diabetes and IGT was 2. 02% and 2. 95 % respectively. The former was greatly increased in comparison with that in 1979. The prevalences of diabetes and IGT in Beijing and Liaoning were much higher than in Shanxi, where the caloric-intake and the percentages of overweight and obesity in peasants were much lower. The prevalence rate of diabetes and IGT increased with age,with the peak in 60s. Most of patients with diabetes or IGT were non-obese, but it was significantly higher in overweight or obesity groups. These indicate that aging,lack of physical exercise,overeating and obesity are major factors in increasing the prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus and IGT. A significant difference in prevalence rate of diabetes between male and female was found. Its cause and significance need further study.

The results showed that long-term and non-pulsatile administration of high doses of GnRH-A made in China produced a reversible inhibition of testicular endocrine function in male rats, resulting in decrease of testosterone level and increase of progesterone level both in sera and culture media. Besides, there was a marked decrease in the weight of their seminal vesicles and ventral prostates. It was found that GnRH-A we used had no effect on testis weight, the structure of seminiferous tubules and the production of estrogen by cultured Sertoli cells, and no serious side effect, either. It suggested that home made GnRH-A may be useful in the treatment of sex hormone-dependent diseases as reported in foreign literature.

435 patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into 2 groups according to their fatty liver,then the relations between fatty liver and various parameters in two groups were observed and analyzed by statistical methods.Body mass index,HbA_1c and triglyceride were the risk factors for fatty liver.The prevalences of metabolic syndrome,hypertension and coronary heart disease in fatty liver group were significantly higher than those in the control group.

Objective To evaluate whether high sensitivity C-reactive protein is associated with microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods A total of 321 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited.According to the results of 8 h urine albumin excretion rate,ophthalmoscope examination and nerve conduction velocity test,nephropathy,retinopathy and neuropathy were defined respectively.To evaluate differences of the serum hsCRP levels of those with and without nephropathy,retinopathy and neuropathy.Results Only diabetic nephropathy correlated with the serum hsCRP level.With increment of urine albumin excretion rate,hsCRP level was increased.Pearson correlation analysis indicated that hsCRP correlated positively with urine albumin excretion rate(r=0.448,P=0.002),triglyceride(r=0.385,P=0.008),and body mass index(r=0.261,P=0.004).Stepwise linear regression showed that hsCRP and UAER,TG and BMI existed linear correlation.Conclusion hsCRP is associated with diabetic nephropathy and its level is correlated with the degree of diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To evaluate the features of insulin sensitivity and ?-cell function in a Chinese population with normal fasting glucose.Methods 2,388 subjects aged≥20 years were divided into 5 groups based on the results of oral 75-g glucose tolerance test(OGTT):low-NFG,mid-NFG,high-NFG,IFG,T2DM.We compared insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity using several indexes derived from OGTT.Results There was a progressive decline in indexes of ?-cell function and insulin sensitivity when moving from NFG to type 2 diabetes.Compared with subjects with mid-NFG(FPG 4.9～5.6mmol/l),subjects with high-NFG(FPG5.6～6.1mmol/l)were more resistant to insulin,and had reduced insulin secretion,higher plasma triglyceride level and reduced HDL cholesterol concentrations(P

To examine the relationship between genetic variants in the interleukin-6 receptor gene and obesity. The result showed that the carriers of Asp358 homozygotes had higher risk in developing obesity when compared with Ala358 homozygotes (OR = 1.32,95% CI 1.07-1.68, P = 0. 041). Interleukin-6 receptor gene pulymorphism was significantly associated with obesity.

Objective To explore the relationship between CA repeats polymorphism in the promoter region of IGF-1 gene and MS in the Han nationality.Methods 1047 subjects were recruited from general population of Dongcheng District in Beijing.MS was diagnosed based on the criteria for MS in 2005 by IDF.Genomic DNA was extracted by standard methods.PCR,Genescan,Genotyper and direct sequencing were conducted to screen CA repeats polymorphism in the promoter region of the human IGF-1 gene.Levels of plasma glucose,lipids,serum insulin and IGF-1 were determined.BMI and ISI were calculated.Results The prevalence of MS in (CA) 19 homozygote was lower than that in (CA) 19 heterozygote (9.1% vs 18.3%,x2 = 8.55,P ＜ 0.01) and without (CA) 19 (9.1% vs 24.0%,x2 = 18.05,P ＜ 0.01).The level of serum IGF-1 had differences among the three groups [ (114.0 ± 52.6) μg/L vs (136.6 ± 80.5) μg/L vs (129.2±49.1) μg/L,F =3.16,P ＜0.05],(CA)19 homozygote had lower serum IGF-1 than (CA)19heterozygote and without (CA) 19.BMI,WC,TG,FIns,2hIns and ISI had difference among the three groups (P ＜0.05).Conclusions (CA)19 repeats polymorphism in the promoter region of IGF-1 gene was significantly associated with MS in Han nationality.

ObjectiveTo study the expression of p27 and its relationship with CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP) in insulinoma.MethodsExpression of p27 was tested in 27 insulinoma tissues and 11 paired control tissues by immunohistochemistry staining.CpG island methylation of p16,MLH1,RAR-β,MGMT,THBS1 (CIMP) was detected in 27 insulinoma tissues and 11 paired cantrol tissues by methylation specific PCR (MSP).The data of p27 and CIMP expression were correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics.ResultsThe positive expression rate of p27 in insulinoma tissues was significantly lower than that in paired control tissues (48％ vs 91％,P =0.008).High rate of CIMP occurrence in insulinoma tissues was 33％ (9/27),while it was 18％ (2/11) in paired control tissues,and difference between the two groups was not statistically significant ( P =0.350 ).The methylation of MGMT was reversely associated with p16 methylation ( P =0.004).p27 expression in insulinoma tissues was reversely associated high rate of CIMP occurrence but it was not statistically significant ( P =0.420).Neither the expression of p27 nor the occurrence of CIMP was associated with the clinicopathological features.ConclusionsDown-regulation of p27 and high rate of CIMP occurred in insulinomas,suggesting that the inactivation of p27 and epigenetic alterations of several genes might contribute to the carcinogenesis of insulinoma.