Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of eucalyptol limonene and pinene enteric soft capsules on elder community acguired pneumonin (CAP) patients.Methods Use the retrospective cohort study methods,233 patients,above 65 year old,were breught into the study,101 patients were in the eucalyptol limonene and pinene enteric soft capsules group and 132 patients were in the control group.The clinical symptoms and length of stay in hospital were recorded.Results The improvement of clinical symptoms on the fifth day of the eucalyptol limonene and pinene enteric soft capsules group was better than that of control group (U =2.37,P ＜ 0.05).And the length of stay in hospital of the eucalyptol limonene and pinene entetic soft capsules group was shorter(U =3.06,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Eucalyptol limonene and pinene enteric soft capsules can quickly improve the elder CAP patients clinical symptoms and shorten the length of stay in hospital.

Objective: To explore the medical service price regulation of theoretic model and reform trends in China. Methods:Qualitative method. Results:Medical care is the service that mix the nature of public service and private service. The price regulation of medical care includes the regulation of price level and price structure. The asymmetric information, equality, externality and monopoly of the medical care are the reasons to implement the price regulation. Ramsey pricing model, investment rate of return pricing model, the price-cap model, yardstick price regulation model and Feldstein pricing model are the general models to implement the price regulation of medical care. Conclusion: China should reform and modify the current price level and structure of medical care based on the above models.

Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine which can promote tumorigenesis.MIF can promote tumorigenesis by directly inducing oncogene transformation,stimulating cell division,as well as indirectly inhibiting tumor apoptosis,promoting its invasiveness and angiogenesis.MIF-targeted biological therapy may become a new therapeutic strategy for malignant tumor.

Objectives　To evaluate the reliability and validity of SF-36 in old people in community. Methods　 378 old people in community were investigated by SF-36 by face-to-face interview, and the score of items was analyzed.Reliability and validity of SF-36 were evaluated by item-internal consistency,item discriminant vadility,Cronbach's alpha coefficient, et al. Results　The clustering and ordering of the item means of SF-36 were the same as that hypothesized, except for items PF2,PF10,RP3,GH4. The correlation between an item and its hypothesized scale was 0.4 or above for all items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient were above the standard of 0.7 for all except SF scale. Conclusions　SF-36 Health Survey Questionnaire is available for the elderly people. The present evaluation proposes some minor word and item changes which is more suitable for old people.

BACKGROUND: Leptin is a hormone produced predominantly by adipocytes and has a variety of physiological functions. It has been a hot spot in energy metabolism research. However, leptin presently used is usually produced by E coli, in which leptin cDNA is expressed and is in the form of insoluble inclusion body. Therefore, extremely complicated reactivating procedure is needed to obtain biologically activated human leptin.OBJECTIVE: To explore the condition for purification of leptin in non-affinity chromatography in order to obtain soluble human leptin.DESIGN: An observational experiment.SETTING: Molecular laboratory of biochemical department in a medical college.MATERIALS: The strong anion exchanger sepharose Q and hydrophobic phenyl sepharose 6 were used in different conditions for removal of as many contaminants as possible.METHODS: The supernatant of pichia pastoris yeast culture solution was first purified through Q column chromatography, the protein was collected and was further purified through hydrophobic support with 1 mol/ L (NH4) 2SO4.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gel scanning revealed that the purity of human leptin was 42. 3% before purification, 89.6% after Q column chromatography and 96.2% after hydrophobic interaction chromatography.RESULTS: The post-purification product presented a s. ingle band in SDS-PAGE. Gel scanning revealed that the purity of human leptin was 42.3% before purification, 89.6% after Q column chromatography and 96.2% after hydrophobic interaction chromatography.CONCLUSION: The combined use of strong anion exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography can effectively purify leptin expressed by pichia pastoris yeast and the purity is identical to that of nickel affinity column chromatography. It provides reliable evidence and method for possible manufacture of human leptin and lays experimental basis for leptin-related research.

BACKGROUND:Interleukin-1βand matrix metal oproteinase-13 can promote the metabolism of chondrocytes, inhibit the capacity of synthesizing and repairing, induce the degradation of extracellular matrix, and play a crucial role in the occurrence of osteoarthritis.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the interleukin-1βand matrix metal oproteinase-13 expression in rabbits with experimental knee osteoarthritis.
METHODS:Thirty New Zealand rabbits were randomly and equal y divided into treatment group, model group and control group, with 10 rabbits in each group. Model of knee osteoarthritis was established in both the treatment group and model group, using modified plaster cast in extension position for 6 weeks. Then the rabbits of treatment group were treated with extracorporeal shock wave therapy, each 1 000 impulse, at the energy flux density of 0.1 mJ/mm2. There were no treatments in the control group. The rabbits in each group were sacrificed at 4 weeks after treatment, the knee synovial fluid and articular cartilage were col ected from the rabbits. The pathological changes of knee joint were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining and toluidine blue staining. The interleukin-1βand matrix metal oproteinase-13 expression in the synovia was detected using ELISA and immunohistochemical staining respectively.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The interleukin-1βconcentration in the synovial fluid was significantly higher in the treatment group and model group than the control group (P<0.01), and the treatment group after treatment showed a lower concentration than the model group (P<0.05). Mankin scores in treatment group and model group were significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.01), and the treatment group after treatment showed a lower score than the model group (P<0.05). The interleukin-1βand matrix metal oproteinase-13 positive expression rates in the treatment group and model group were significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.01), and the treatment group after treatment showed a lower rate than the model group (P<0.05). The extracorporeal shock wave therapy can downregulate the expression of interleukin-1βand matrix metal oproteinase-13, promote the synthesis of new col agen.

Objective To explore the effect of extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) on expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cartilage in rabbits with knee osteoarthritis. Methods 30 rabbits were randomly divided into control group, model group and treatment group, with 10 rabbits in each group. Model of knee osteoarthritis was established with modified plaster cast in extension position for 6 weeks except the control group, and the treatment group was treated with ESW (each 1000 impulse, the energy flux density of 0.1 mJ/mm2). The rabbits were sacrificed respectively 4 weeks after ESW treatment, the general and histological changes of articular cartilage were examined and immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in cartilage. Results The expression of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the model group (P<0.01). Conclusion ESW can down-regulate the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in chondrocytes with osteoarthritis.

Anemia, Hemolytic ; complications ; Child ; Humans ; Pneumonia ; complications

Objective To evaluate the expression of Gadd45α and p38 MAPK in placentas and the correlations of Gadd45α protein and serum soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng) in preeclampsia(PE). Methods Fifty-four pregnant women who delivered from September 2009 to March 2010 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were chosen as the subjects. They were classified into mild preeclampsia group (n=20),severe preeclampsia group (n=16) and the control group (normal pregnant women underwent elective cesarean sections at term without labor and perinatal complications, n=18). Western blot and immunohistochemistry were employed to determine the expression and localization of Gadd45α and p-p38 MAPK protein respectively. Gadd45α mRNA level was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of seum sFlt-1 and sEng were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One-way ANOVA and LSD-t test were applied for statistical analysis. Results (1)Immunohistochemistry identified that the positive stained cells were mostly located in trophoblast cells in normotensive placentas, whereas in preeclamptic placentas Gadd45α protein and p-p38 MAPK protein were detected in trophoblast and endothelial cells, as well as a few stromal cells at increased levels.(2)The mRNA levels of Gadd45α was significantly elevated in mild and severe preeclampsia groups compared to the control group (2.10±0.11 and 3.33±0.13 vs 1.01±0.18, P＜0.05), and Gadd45α mRNA level in severe group was significantly higher than in mild group (P＜0.05).(3)The data of Western blot revealed that the Gadd45α protein levels in each group were 0.22±0.11, 0.65±0.15 and 1.34±0.17, respectively, with significant differences between each group(P＜0.05). The p-p38 MAPK protein levels in each group were 0.32±0.08, 0.72±0.12 and 1.45±0.21, respectively, with significant differences between each group (P＜0.05). p38 MAPK protein levels in the total groups showed no difference(P＞0.05).(4)Compared with the control group, sFlt-1 and sEng concentrations in maternal circulation were significantly increasing in mild and severe preeclampsia groups, and concentrations in severe group were significantly higher than those in mild group (P＜0.05).(5) There were positive correlations between Gadd45α protein levels and the concentrations of serum sFlt-1 and sEng in each group( r=0.88 and 0.87, respectively all P＜0.05). Conclusions Upregulation of Gadd45α in preeclampsia placentas may play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. It may induce the increased maternal serum levels of sFlt-l and sEng by activating p38 MAPK signaling pathway, leading to deficient cytotrophoblastic invasion and abnormal placental vascular reconstruction during pregnancy.

Objective To investigate professional identity and its influencing factors in nursing students during late period of clinical practice,which may be helpful for carrying out clinical nursing teaching.Methods General information and professional identity questionnaires were used for investigation in 233 nursing students of late period of intership.Results Sense of professional identity was in the general level (86.00±8.08) points.Employment situation was the main concern for students to choose nursing profession.The professional identity score of professional knowledge and skills were 15.90 and 20.88 respectively in undergraduate students,which were lower than those of college students and secondary specialized school students.Conclusions Nursing educators should pay attention to the guidance and training of professional identity in nursing students,which may contribute to the development of the nursing profession.