Objective: To observe the incidence of unreasonable use of high beam at nighttime among motor vehicle drivers, so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of road traffic injury. Methods: Four roads into city and five urban roads were selected in Yongkang of Zhejiang Province. An automatic recording system was used to collect the unreasonable use of high beam among motor vehicle drivers on the selected roads from 19:00 to 5:00 on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday during a week in July 2020. The regression tree model was used to analyze the relationship of the unreasonable use of high beam with road, time and traffic flow. Results: A total of 89 989 motor vehicles were observed, and 2 419 motor vehicle drivers had unreasonable use of high beam, with an incidence rate of 2.69%. The incidence rate of the unreasonable use of high beam was 3.14% in the roads into city, which was higher than 2.30% in the urban roads ( P<0.05 ). The incidence rates of the unreasonable use of high beam in the roads into city and in the urban roads were 5.15% and 2.90% on Wednesday, which were higher than those on Monday ( 2.89% and 2.34% ), Friday ( 2.90% and 1.92% ) and Sunday (2.06% and 2.12%). The highest incidence rate of the unreasonable use of high beam in the roads into city was 6.07% between 4:00 and 5:00, and in the urban roads was 4.50% between 2:00 and 3:00. The results of regression tree classification analysis showed that the highest incidence rate was 8.13% on the roads into city in the east, west and south directions, and on the urban roads in the east and north directions with less than 317 vehicles per hour on Wednesday. Conclusion It is more likely for motor vehicle drivers to use high beams unreasonably at nighttime on the roads into city with less traffic flow.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Pathological increase of MIF is sufficient to promote inflammation, aggravate metabolic dysfunction, and increase oxidative stress. MIF inhibition, through either gene knockout or pharmacological inhibitors, is clinically beneficial for treatment. Ironically, both detrimental and beneficial effects of MIF have been reported in ischemic stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and spinal cord injury; thus, the roles of MIF appear to be bidirectional in the central nervous system. In the current review, we focus on the roles of MIF in the central nervous system, as well as its regulating mechanisms.

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a potentially catastrophic cardiovascular disease,with significant morbidity and mortality,and it remains a challenge to diagnose and treat.Survival rate has been shown to be directly related to prompt diagnosis and precise management,it is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment.However,diagnosis of the disease relies heavily on various imaging techniques,remaining time-consuming and difficult to obtain.Nevertheless,the application of biomarkers provides a new direction for the diagnosis of AAD.Therefore,the application of biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity contribute to optimal treatment to reduce the mortality rate is the current research direction.This article was to summarize the domestic and abroad research advances which focused on the biomarkers and progress of aortic dissection.

Objective:To understand the missing report rate and reporting status of infectious diseases in private medical institutions and discuss the defects involved, so as to provide a scientific basis for further standardizing the management of infectious disease reporting.Methods:By virtue of onsite data collection and face-to-face interview of 16 private hospitals in Chaoyang district of Beijing from January to May 2019, which were equipped with direct network report system, qualitative and quantitative data of their current infectious disease reporting were collected. Ratio or constituent ratio indicators was used to describe sample characteristics and survey indicators, while the ratio or constituent ratio were compared via χ2 test. Results:The missing report rate of these hospitals was 11.73%. Top three infectious diseases neglected were acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis(100.00%), genital herpes(100.00%)and viral hepatitis(96.36%). The missing report rate of inpatients was higher than that of outpatients, and that of chronic infectious diseases was higher than that of acute infectious diseases. These hospitals were found with such defects as insufficient training of infectious disease diagnosis, and poor self-inspecting regulations and poor management actions.Conclusions:The missing reports rate of infectious diseases was high among private hospitals in Chaoyang district, especially that of chronic infectious diseases. It is necessary to strengthen infectious disease diagnosis training, and further standardize the infectious disease reporting process in hospitals using the electronic information systems, so as to reduce underreporting and consolidate infectious disease prevention and control in hospitals.

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play an important role in development, formation, regeneration and metabolism of extracellular matrix among bone and cartilage. Osteoarthritis (OA) is caused by many reasons, which result in degeneration and damage of joint cartilage and reaction regeneration of joint margin and subchondrobone. The etiology of OA remains uncertain; the relationship between HIFs and OA could provide scientific data for OA prevention and control.

Objective:To assess plasma microfibrillar associated protein 5(MFAP5) level in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS), and to explore its relationship with glucose and lipid metabolism as well as sex hormones.Methods:Fifty PCOS patients and 65 healthy female subjects were selected as PCOS group and control group, respectively. Clinical data and plasma MFAP5 levels between the two groups were compared.Results:The plasma MFAP5 level in PCOS group was significantly higher than that in control group( P<0.01), and the plasma MFAP5 level in PCOS overweight subgroup was higher than that in control subgroup( P<0.01). No difference was observed in plasma MFAP5 level between the two non-overweight subgroups( P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that plasma MFAP5 level was positively correlated with waist circumference, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, fasting insulin, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR), HbA 1C, testosterone, LH/FSH ratio, and leukocyte( P<0.05 or P<0.01). There was no significant correlation of MFAP5 with body weight, body mass index(BMI), hip circumference, waist hip ratio, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and blood glucose( P>0.05). In PCOS group, plasma MFAP5 level was positively correlated with body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, total cholesterol, and leukocyte( P<0.05 or P<0.01). There was no significant correlation of MFAP5 with waist hip ratio, HDL-C, triglyceride, blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, leukocyte, and sex hormones( P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MFAP5 was an independent risk factor for PCOS( P<0.05). Conclusion:Plasma MFAP5 level is increased in PCOS patients and is closely related to BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and total cholesterol. Plasma MFAP5 is an independent risk factor for PCOS, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Objective:To analyze the seasonality, age distribution of influenza B cases and matching degree of influenza B vaccine in China from 2011 to 2019, and provide evidences for the future surveillance, estimation of disease burden of influenza B, application of quadrivalent vaccines, and development of vaccine strategies.Methods:The epidemiological and virological surveillance data of influenza B from week 14 of 2011 to week 13 of 2019 obtained from National Influenza Surveillance Network were used to draw hot spot maps and conduct descriptive statistics to analyze the seasonality and age distribution of influenza B cases. The published antigenicity analysis results from the China Weekly Influenza Report were used to analyze the matching degree between the trivalent vaccine strain and the circulating influenza B strains.Results:From 2011 to 2019, the incidence of influenza B showed obvious seasonal characteristics, and influenza B virus co-circulated with influenza A virus in six winter-spring seasons, and influenza B virus/Victoria and Yamagata lineages circulated alternately. In some southern provinces, two lineages co-circulated in some southern areas in certain years. The age distribution of influenza B cases was double-peaked, and both lineages had the highest positive rate in age-group 5-15 years, with peaks at age of 10 years; B/Victoria virus had a sub-peak in age-group 25-35 years; B/Yamagata virus had a sub-peak in age-group 55-65 years. Trivalent influenza vaccine strain and influenza B epidemic strains mismatched in 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 seasons, matched in 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015 and 2016-2017 seasons, and moderately matched in 2018-2019 season, but reactivity was low.Conclusions:Influenza B mainly occurred in winter-spring season in China, and its intensity was lower than that of influenza A. There was a difference in the age distribution of the cases among different virus strains. Trivalent influenza vaccine strains and influenza B epidemic strains mismatched in several seasons. It is crucial to conduct continuous surveillance of influenza B and disease burden evaluation, improve vaccine immunization strategy, increase influenza vaccination rate to reduce the harm of influenza B in high-risk groups.

COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. After the infection of the virus, the host immune system is stimulated to produce multifarious specific antibodies to decrease or eliminate effects of the pathogen. Study of the specific antibodies dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19 is very important for the understanding and diagnosis of the disease, research and development of vaccine, and planning of prevention and control strategy. This paper reviews and summarizes the domestic and oversea research on dynamic characteristics of specific antibodies of COVID-19 patients, including the antibody producing, duration and level, and its possible influencing factors in order to improve the understanding of the immunological characteristics of COVID-19.

As the progress of population aging in China, the proportion of elderly population is increasing. Both chronic diseases and infectious diseases can threaten the health of the elderly. There are many kinds of infectious diseases, including vaccine preventable infectious diseases affecting the health of adults, such as influenza, pneumococcal diseases and herpes zoster. In addition, the newly emerged COVID-19 has caused a pandemic in the world, resulting the highest proportion of deaths occurred in the elderly and posing a serious threat to the health of the elderly. This paper mainly summarizes the prevention and control of vaccine preventable diseases and COVID-19 to which the elderly are susceptible, analyzes the infectious disease problems affecting the health of elderly population, and recommends countermeasures for the prevention and control of these diseases in elderly population.

The studies on infectiousness of person infected with SARS-CoV-2 at different stages of illness are an important basis for making effective prevention and control measures such as investigating the infectious source, determining the scope of close contacts and the timing of case isolation. This review discusses the infectiousness of cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the incubation period, symptomatic period and convalescent period by reviewing national and international literatures, technical and professional guidelines. Existing researches suggest that the infectious viruses could be isolated at the end of the incubation period as well as since illness onset, and viral load in upper respiratory tract swabs reached the peak on day 4-6 after illness onset and thereafter began to decline, implying the infectiousness was relatively strong at the end of incubation period and within one week after illness onset. Although there were a few cases who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after recovery, no evidence was found to indicate these cases can cause the transmission.