[Summary] Bile acid is a main component of bile ,which plays a key role in keeping cholesterol metabolism balance in vivo and promoting lipids digestion in intestine. Recently ,more and more researches focus on bile acid for its regulating effect on glucose ,lipid and energy metabolism as a signal molecule. The reabsorbed bile acid stimulates the secretion of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) in the intestine by activating a nuclear receptor farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) and a membrane receptor TGR5. FGF19 and GLP-1 regulate hepatic glucose metabolism through different pathways. Here ,we briefly summarize the research progress and relationship between bile acid induced gut hormones and hepatic glucose metabolism.

The origin and development of umbilical therapy in traditional Chinese medicine is explored from related literature in the history. As a result, the Shang period is regarded as initial period of umbilical therapy, while periods from Han Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Southern-Northern Dynasties to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty could be taken as stage of primary development. Time from Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties is believed as mature stage. Also the manipulation, application principle, indications and contraindications of umbilical therapy are explained. A brief overview of modern development of umbilical therapy is also described.
China ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; methods ; Umbilicus ; physiology

Objective To study the relationship between smoking and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) in Chinese people.Methods The Pubmed database and three Chinese databases such as Wanfang Data,Veipu data(VIP) and China national knowledge infrastructure database (CNKI) were retrieved.The literatures on the relationship between smoking and pulmonary TB incidence in Chinese people published before April 2016 were analyzed.Results Fifteen studies were included,after excluding 1 low quality study,the rest had no statistical heterogeneity.The merged odd ratio (OR) was 1.71,95 ％ confidence interval (CI) 1.51-1.90.Two studies observed the relationship between the amount of cigarettes and TB pathogenesis,but there was heterogeneity and could not be further merged the OR value for conducting analysis.No subgroup analysis of gender was performed in all studies.Conclusion The risk suffering from pulmonary TB in Chinese smokers is 1.71 fold of non-smokers,and smoking increases the risk of pulmonary TB onset.

Objective:To prepare and optimize sorafenib-Eudragit RS nanoparticles( S-E üPs)and investigate the physicochemi-cal properties. Methods:S-E üPs were prepared by a solvent-nonsolvent method. Single factor experiments were used to research the effect of solvent,stabilizer type,carrier ratio and the proportions of water phase and organic phase on the physicochemical properties of S-E üPs. S-E üPs were evaluated by the particle size,zeta potential and morphology,and the in vitro drug release of S-E üPs was studied using dialysis technology. Results:The mean size was(86. 72 ± 3. 71)nm,the PDI and zeta potential was(0. 20 ± 0. 032)and (36. 6 ± 0. 3)mV,respectively,S-E üPs showed spherical shape with uniform distribution. The drug release in vitro was accorded with a Weibull equation. Conclusion:The solvent-nonsolvent method is appropriate for the preparation of S-E üPs. The nanoparticles have small particle size,uniform distribution,regular morphology and significant sustained-release property.

Adenoma ; Adult ; Ear Neoplasms ; Ear, Middle ; pathology ; Humans ; Male

Objective To test thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppress GLUT4 expression and translocation by stimulating TNF-α secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cAMP-PKA pathway.Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate into adipocytes.The adipocytes were treated with bovine TSH,Forskolin,H89 and Rapamycin,respectively.The concentration of TNF-α in the cell culture medium was measured by ELISA.The level of GLUT4 mRNA in adipocytes was assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction.Protein levels of GLUT4 in total cell lysates and plasma membrane lysates were quantified by Western blotting.Results Incubating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with TSH markedly increased the concentration of TNF-α in medium in a time-and dosedependent manner (P ＜ 0.05); meanwhile,the levels of GLUT4 mRNA and total and plasma membrane GLUT4 protein were decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P＜0.05 or ＜0.01).H89 and rapamycin could block the above effects respectively (326.7±43.2 vs.341.9±12.0,P＞0.05).However,there was no statistical difference in the TNF-α levels between stimulation with 1 μmmol/L forskolin versus 0.04 μmmol/L bovine TSH (481.9± 28.4 vs.522.7± 36.2,P＞0.05).Conclusions TSH can down-regulate GLUT4 expression and translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by stimulating TNF-α secretion through a cAMP-PKA pathway.

Acanthoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Adenoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Adult ; Aged ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Keratin-14 ; metabolism ; Keratin-5 ; metabolism ; Keratin-6 ; metabolism ; Keratosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Poroma ; classification ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Sweat Gland Neoplasms ; classification ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery

Objective To evaluate the effect of continuous adenosine infusion on mesentery microcirculation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats with asphyxia. Methods Rat model of asphyxia was established in 22 healthy Wistar rats. The animals were then randomly divided into normal saline group (group A, n=10), epinephrine group (group B, n=6) and epinephrine plus adenosine group (group C, n=6). After a 3-min asphyxia without intervention, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was started. The cardiac compression was carried out with an electric cardio-pulmonary resuscitation machine (200 times/min). Respiration was restored and maintained with a ventilator with tidal volume of 4ml, breathing rate 50times/min and FiO2 100%. After a 4-min CPR, rats in group A and group B were given normal saline and epinephrine (bolus of 90?g/kg) respectively, and in group C epinephrine (bolus of 90?g/kg) plus 70?g/kg adenosine were given. Electric defibrillation would be initiated if there was ventricular fibrillation. The reperfusion rate of mesentery arterioles and venules, diameter of blood vessels and relative blood velocity were observed. Results The reperfusion rate of mesentery arterioles and venules was significantly higher in group C than in group B (P

Objective To analyze the problems of doctor of medicine in China,and to explore the efforts to improvethe training quality of doctor of medicine.Methods The paper selected 5medical colleges which participated the thematic evaluation of doctor of medicinedegreeauthorization centers in 2014,then analyzed the relevant data of doctor of medicine during 2011-2015,such as education condition,enrollment scale,training objective,curriculum setting,scientific research trainingand clinical practice by descriptive study.Results The average of affiliated hospitals is 6.0.The number of medical doctor entrance exam increased by 1.5 times during 2011-2015.The training institutions set up clear training objective of applied talents.A three-stage cultivation mode of course learning,clinical practice and scientific research training is widespread enforcement.However,the subject and basiccondition varies in different schools.The teachers’ professional level is uneven.The quality of candidates needsto be improved.Curriculum design is lack of pertinence.Standardization of clinical practice andscientiFlc training system is not enoughat the same time.Conclusions The suggestions to promote the reform of full-time doctor of medicineare:improving the subject building;increasethe number of students enrollment appropriately;strengthening pertinence of curriculum system;perfecting quality evaluating system;exploring the training mode called “5 + 3 + X”.

Objective To investigate the myocardium protective effect of immunoinflammatory response induced by preinfarction angina. Methods Eighty-eight patients of acute myocardial infarction were divided into preinfarction angina group (48 subjects) and sudden onset group (40 subjects). The incidence of severe arrhythmia,heart failure,cardiac shock and in-hospital mortality were assessed in the two groups. The myocardial infarction size,ventricular function,coronary angiography were compared between the two groups. Some immunoinflammatory markers levels were detected. Results In preinfarction angina group,the incidences of severe arrhythmia,heart failure,and in-hospital mortality were lower (P