Objective To investigate the effect of sufentanil postconditioning on cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-280 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =12 each):sham operation group (group S),I/R group and sufentanil postconditioning group (group SP).Myocardial I/R was induced by occlusion of the left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion.Sufentanil 3.0μg/kg was injected iv at the beginning of reperfusion in group SP.HR and MAP were recorded during I/R.The rats were sacrificed at 120 min of reperfusion and their hearts were removed for determination of infarct size,number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes,and the expression of Bax mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA,and apoptotic index was caculated.Results There was no significant difference in HR among the 3 groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Compared with group S,MAP and Bcl-2 mRNA expression were significantly decreased,apoptotic index and Bax mRNA expression increased in group I/R,and apoptotic index,and the expression of Bax mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA were increased in group SP (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group I/R,the infarct size,apoptotic index and Bax mRNA expression were decreased,and Bcl-2 mRNA expression was increased in group SP (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sufentanil postconditioning can attenuate myocardial I/R injury in rats by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression,down-regulating Bax expression and inhibitting cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

Objective To study radiographic features of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia(AAH) of lung and correlate them with their pathologic findings,so as to improve the imaging diagnose.Methods The imaging features of 8 patients with pathology-proved AAH were reviewed.All patients were women with age ranging from 35 to 74 years.All cases had chest radiography and HRCT.The radiographic findings were studied retrospectively and correlated with those of pat hology.Results On chest X-ray,the foci in five patients presented as nodule-like area of a bit high attenuation,while the chest radiograph in the other three patients were negative.On HRCT,all 8 patients presented as non-solid nodules.All lesions were round or oval shaped with well-defined margin(n=4)or poor-defined margin(n=3).The greatest dimension of the lesions ranged from 5.0 mm to 20.0 mm.Their CT value ranged from-362.7 HU to-485.6 HU,the mean CT value was(-423.0?47.0)HU.Air bronchograms and/or bubbles were seen in 5 lesions.Coarse spiculation and pleural tag was not seen in any lesion.Before operation,all the nodules did not change in size over a follow-up period from one month to six months.Pathologic findings showed atypical epithelial cell proliferation along thickened alveolar septa without alveolar collapse.Conclusion AAH should be considered in cases with the following features:(1)nodules are found in lung cancer screening or incidentally detected;(2)the diameter of the nodule is usually less than 10 mm;(3)the lesion presented as non-solid nodule on HRCT,air bronchogram and/or bubble sign can be seen;(4)no coarse spiculation and plural tag was seen.

Aim To investigate the protective effects of echinacoside ( ECH ) on oxidative stress injury in vascular dementia rats. Methods Vascular dementia model was duplicated by means of permanent ligation of bilateral common carotid artery at two times intervals for three days. Biochemical methods was used to detect the GSH, NO, GSH-Px, NOS in each group rat’ s cor-tex and hippocampus. The change of the tissue struc-ture in CA1 area of hippocampus in each group was ob-served and analyzed by microscope after HE staining. Results Compared with sham group, the content of GSH and activity of GSH-Px in the rats of the model group were decreased significantly ( P<0. 01 ) , while the content of NO and activity of NOS were increased obviously (P<0. 05, P <0. 01). Meanwhile, in tis-sue structure of rat’ s hippocampal CA1 area, the num-bers of cells were reduced, cell arrangement was sparse and in disorder, cell form was not intact and cell struc-ture was not normal, cytoplasm, nucleus and cyto-plasm were blurry, nuclei were hyperchromatic and in contraction, and were changed to triangular or irregular shape, lacking nucleoli, and proliferation of glial cells appeared. Compared with the model group, the content of GSH and activity of GSH-Px in the rats of the treat-ment groups were increased significantly ( P<0. 05 , P<0 . 01 ) , while the activity of NOS was decreased ob-viously (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Meanwhile, in rat tis-sue structure of hippocampal CA1 area, the rat cells in each treatment group were arranged in order, the form of structure was normal, the nuclei were less hyper-chromatic and contracted. Compared with Gal group and sham group, the rats of ECH high dosage group were not different in every part of experiment ( P >0. 05 ) . Conclusion ECH exerts protection on oxida-tive stress injury in vascular dementia rats.

Aim To investigate the effects of echina-coside ( ECH ) on the learning and memory capacities and brain level of oxygen free radicals of rats with de-mentia induced by amyloid β-peptide. Methods Six-ty Sprague Dawley rats, weighing (300±10) g, were randomly divided with 10 rats pergroup into 6 groups:sham operated group, model, ECH high dose (40 mg ·kg-1·d-1), ECH middle dose (20 mg· kg-1· d-1), ECH low dose (10 mg·kg-1·d-1) and Hup A (Huperzine A, 0. 02 mg·kg-1·d-1) group. Mor-ris maze tests were conducted for evaluating the learn-ing and memory ability. Content of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and activities of superox-ide dismutase ( SOD) and NO synthase ( NOS) in the hippocampus and cortex were detected. ResultsAβ25-35 induced significant learning and memory im-pairment in the rats. Compared with the rats in model group, those treated with ECH at different doses all manifested alleviation of learning and memory impair-ment ( P<0 . 01 , P<0 . 05 ) . Cotents of MDA of ECH treatment group were obviously decreased, while SOD activities were obviously increased, and significantly reduced the release of NO and NOS in the hippocam-pus and cortex brain tissue ( P <0 . 01 , P <0.05 ) . Conclusion ECH can enhance the learning and mem-ory ability in rats with AD, which is presumably relat-ed to accelerating the cleaning of oxygen free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in brain of AD rats.

Objective To investigate the malaria knowledge of CDC staff and their demands on related training in malaria non⁃endemic areas，so as to provide the reference for planning the appropriate curriculum. Methods All the participants who were the staff of county CDCs all over Qinghai Province and attended the provincial training workshop were surveyed. A self⁃administered questionnaire survey was carried out and the data was statistically analyzed. Results A total of 115 participants were involved in this survey. They were mostly（85.21%）from county CDCs. The general knowledge of malaria among the respondents was well，and the average rate of correct answers was 70.35%. However，the answers to the general knowledge of malaria and anti⁃malaria treatment were not well enough. The rates of correct answers were 61.96% and 48.99% respectively. The differences among the groups of job title ranking，department of working and level of CDC were not significant（F = 0.13-2.02，all P > 0.05）. The number of correct answers was significantly increased after the training course. The average score after the training was 79.20±15.16 while the pre⁃training score was 70.34±17.46（t = 3.86，P < 0.05），especially in the answers to general malaria knowledge and malaria surveillance and response（t = 4.30，4.97，both P < 0.05）. The general knowledge of malaria was considered as the most need of training as 80% of the respondents voted“Yes”，according to the demand analysis. There was no significant difference among the different groups（F = 0.61-3.11，both P > 0.05）. Conclusion The malaria knowledge is well mastered by the staff of CDCs in Qinghai Province，and the further training courses are requested and addressed in the target areas such as general malaria knowledge，anti⁃malaria treatment，malaria surveillance and response.

Objective: This study aimed to discriminate between Eupatorii Herba and its adulterants in order to guarantee the quality and clinical curative effect of this medicinal material. Methods: Genomic DNA extracted from Eupatorii Herba was used as templates. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA was amplified. Sequence assembly and consensus sequence generation were performed by CodonCode Aligner. The intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances of Eupatorii Herba and its adulterants were computed by MEGA5 and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. Results: The length of ITS2 sequence of Eupatorii Herba was 218 bp. The maximum intraspecific genetic distance (K2P distance) of Eupatorii Herba was 0.0092. The minimum interspecific genetic distance of Eupatorii Herba and its adulterants was 0.024. The NJ trees showed that the ITS2 sequence would be used to identify Eupatorii Herba and its adulterants. Con-clusion: ITS2 sequence was able to identify Eupatorii Herba and its adulterants correctly and it provided a new technique to ensure clinical safety in utilization of traditional Chinese medicines.

Aim Tostudytheeffectsofechinacoside on striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of mono-amine neurotransmitter in Parkinsonˊs disease rat, and discuss the possible mechanism of the ECH effect on brainprotection.Methods Doublepointinjectionof 6-hydroxy dopamine damaged was adopted to make PD model, the corresponding drugs or normal saline were intraperitoneally injected for 4 consecutive weeks, mi-cro-dialysis program in double targets was taken after treatment, the dialysate was injected into HPLC-EDC, and striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of DA, DOPAC, HVA, NA, 5-HT levels of each group were measured. Results Compared with control group, striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of DA, DOPAC, HVA, NE, 5-HT levels were significantly re-duced in model group ( P <0. 01 ); compared with model group, striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of DA, DOPAC, HVA, NE, 5-HT levels were significantly increased in treatment group ( P <0 . 05 , P<0. 01 ) , and the content of five kinds of substances in ECH high dose group was similar to that in MD group.Conclusion ECHcouldincreaseextracellular monoamine neurotransmitters in striatum and hippo-campus, ECH has a therapeutic effect on PD, and echinacoside is possible mechanisms of the brain pro-tective effect of PD rats.

Aim To investigate the influence of echi-nacoside ( ECH ) on monoaminergic neurotransmitter extracellular of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in rat model of Alzheimer′s disease ( AD) , and ultimately to provide a theoretical basis for ECH′s improving the ability of learning and memory. Methods 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 10 rats in each group : sham operation group, model, ECH groups of low, medium and high doses (10, 20, 40μg ·g-1 ·d-1 ) , and Hup A ( Huperzine A, 0. 02 μg· g-1·d-1) group. The AD rat model was established by abdominal cavity injection with D-galactose and uni-laterally injected with amyloid beta-protein fragment 25-35 ( Aβ25-35 ) into the right hippocampus. Morris wa-ter maze test was used to study the animals′ ability of spatial learning and memory. The synchronous dual-probe dual-channel brain microdialysis sampling tech-nology was applied to collect dialysates from different encephalic areas continuously, and combined with HPLC electrochemical detection were used to measure the extracellular levels of norepinephrine ( NE) , dopa-mine (DA), 5-serotonin (5-HT). Results 1. Com-pared with the sham operation group, the mean escape latency of the model group was significantly prolonged ( P<0. 05 ) , and the time that rats were in the plat-form quadrant was significantly shortened ( P<0. 05 );on the contrary, compared with the model group, the mean escape latency of ECH groups were significantly shortened ( P<0. 05 ) , and the time that rats were in the platform quadrant was significantly extended ( P<0. 05). 2. Compared with the sham operation group, the contents of NE,DA and 5-HT were significantly de-creased in the model group ( P <0. 05 ) . However, compared with the model group , ECH could improve the concentrations of NE, DA, 5-HT in the hippocam-pus and cerebral cortex, and these monoamine levels of the brain regions were restored to near control. Con-clusion ECH can effectively improve the ability of learning and memory of rats with AD, giving a rise to the monoamine neurotransmitter both in hippocampus and cortex, exerting a positive effect on treatment of cognitive dysfunction . The ECH low dose group is sig-nificantly lower than the ECH groups of medium and high doses and Hup A group in improving the ability of learning and memory.

Objective To explore the effects of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs (TCMHs) on the expression of tyrosinase gene, melanogenesis and proliferation of melanocytes and elucidate the mechanism of TCMHs in promoting melanogenesis. Methods Seven TCMHs including Herba Ecliptae, Spica Prunellae, Caulis Spatholob, etc, which were known to be effective in activating tyrosinase in vivo, were selected. Brownish guinea pigs were selected as the experimental model. The mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH), Schmorl-staining and dopa-oxygenase staining were performed to observe the effects of TCMHs on gene expression of tyrosinase, melanogenesis and melanocyte proliferation. Results The mRNA ISH showed that these seven drugs, especially Herba Ecliptae,Spica Prunellae and Tribulus terrestris could significantly increase the number of positive cells and the intensity of hybridization signal in the treated group as compared with that in the control group (P 0.1). Conclusions These results suggested that these 7 TCMHs including Herba Ecliptae can upregulate the gene expression of tyrosinase, enhance the melanogenesis and promote the proliferation of melanocytes.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of echinacoside (ECH) on cholinergic neurotransmitter extracellular of hippocampus and striatum and its possible mechanisms of neuro-protective effect against vascular dementia rats. In this study brain microdialysis technique combined with HPLC-IMER-ECD (high-performance liquid chromatography-immobilized enzyme reactor-electrochemical detector) was used. The bilateral common carotid arteries occluded in two times operation at 72 h interval for vascular dementia model rats were used and the successful vascular dementia model rats were examined by Morris water maze. The content of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) of microdialysate extracellular of hippocampus and striatum was determined by HPLC-IMER-ECD and the AChE activity in the hippocampus was measured. The results showed that the success rate of vascular dementia model was 83.08% after six weeks; the results also showed that echinacoside and galantamine could increase the content of ACh and reduce the content of Ch extracellular of hippocampus and striatum significantly and the AChE activity increased significantly compared with that of the model group. The results suggested that echinacoside could promote the recovery of cholinergic neurotransmitter levels in vascular dementia rats' brain, which may be one of the mechanisms of neuro-protection.