This paper reviewed the practice of Handicap International (HI) in China and discussed the HI localized action plan using current theories and approaches of community-based rehabilitation.

The intracellular trafficking and subcellular distribution of exogenous gene is very important for gene delivery. A successful gene vehicle should overcome various barriers including endosomal membrane barriers to delivery gene to the target organelle. Traditional nonviral vehicle is unable to avoid endosomal pathway efficiently, so the efficiency of gene delivery is low and the application of gene drugs is limited. In order to achieve efficient nonviral gene delivery, a lot of researches based on endosomal escape have been carried out and some agents with the function of endsomal escape have been found. These agents facilitate the endsomal escape via various mechanisms, such as fusion into the lipid bilayer of endosomes, pore formation in the endosomal membrane, proton sponge effect and photochemical methods to rupture the endosomal membrane. In this review, various reported strategies for endsomal escape are described according to the escape mechanisms, and their applications in intracellular gene delivery are also discussed.

Objective To develop an accurate,reliable method without the need of initialization in animal PET modeling for estimation of the tracer kinetic parameters based on the artificial immune network.Methods The hepatic and left ventricular time activity curves (TACs) were obtained by drawing ROIs of liver tissue and left ventricle on dynamic 18F-FDG PET imaging of small mice.Meanwhile,the blood TAC was analyzed by sampling the tail vein blood at different time points after injection.The artificial immune network for parametric optimization of pharmacokinetics (PKAIN) was adapted to estimate the model parameters and the metabolic rate of glucose (Ki) was calculated.Results TACs of liver,left ventricle and tail vein blood were obtained.Based on the artificial immune network,Ki in 3 mice was estimated as 0.0024,0.0417 and 0.0047,respectively.The average weighted residual sum of squares of the output model generated by PKAIN was less than 0.0745 with a maximum standard deviation of 0.0084,which indicated that the proposed PKAIN method can provide accurate and reliable parametric estimation.Conclusion The PKAIN method could provide accurate and reliable tracer kinetic modeling in animal PET imaging without the need of initialization of model parameters.

Objective: To investigate the activities of daily living and the use of assistive devices among disabled people demanding assistive devices in Jiading Township, Jiading District, Shanghai Municipality, so as to provide the evidence for the implementation of rehabilitation interventions and the selection of assistive devices for the disabled people living in the community. Methods: The disabled people demanding assistive devices were sampled from 17 communities in Jiading Township in January 2020. A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted to collect participants'age, gender, type of disability, provision and use of assistive devices. The activities of daily living were evaluated using the Activities of Daily Living Scale, and the difference in the frequency of assistive device use was compared among the disabled people with different activities of daily living. Results: A total of 377 questionnaires were allocated, and 328 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 87.00%. The respondents included 187 men ( 57.01% ) and 141 women (42.99%), and had a mean age of ( 71.78±13.86 ) years. Among all respondents, limb disability was predominant (248 people, 75.61%), and 84.45% (277 people) were provided with assistive devices. Assessment of activities of daily living showed complete self-care in 85 respondents ( 25.91% ), functional decline in 39 respondents ( 11.89% ) and functional dysfunction in 204 respondents ( 62.20% ). The proportion of functional dysfunction was predominantly detected among disabled people at ages of 80 years and older ( 79.63% ) ( P<0.05 ). Of the disabled people with assistive devices, 139 people used the devices daily ( 50.18% ), and the proportion of daily use of assistive devices was significantly higher in people with functional dysfunctions than in those with complete self-care ( 59.33% vs. 29.41%; P<0.05 ). In addition, no need was identified as the predominant cause of non-provision of assistive devices ( 29 people, 56.86% ). Conclusions Functional dysfunction of daily living is highly prevalent among the disabled people demanding assistive devices in Jiading Township, in whom the elderly are predominant, and the proportion of assistive device use is high among people with functional dysfunctions. The provision of assistive devices recommends to be improved based on assessment of activities of daily living.

Objective To investigate the bacteriological monitoring and antibiotic use of invasive infection in patients with burns. Method The index of burn wound、 eschar distribution、 strains of bacteria, bacterial classification、sensitivity and drug resistance were determinated in 100 cases with burns. Results The wound and eschar 382 strain were isolated from the wound and eschar;The wound bacteria 250 strain(65.4%) were significantly higher than that eschar 132 strain (34.6%) (x~2 = 3. 987,P ＜ 0.05); Gram-negative (G -) 227 strain (59. 4%) were significantly higher than that Gram-positive(G +) 155 strain(40. 6%) (x~2 = 3. 887, P ＜ 0.05); Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae in Gram-negative is major strains,while Staphylococcus aureus in Gram-positive is major strains;The Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance rate(10.38%) was significantly lower than gentamicin(70. 12%) (x~2 =7. 451 ,P＜ 0.01) ;The rate of methicillin-resistant(82. 14%) for Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher than that of vancomycin(5.35%) (x~2 =7.548 ,P ＜0.01). Conclusion The Gram-negative infection could treat with imipenem,Gram-positive infections could treat with vancomycin for patients with burns.

Chronic osteomyelitis is one of the most common disorder in clinic. In recent years due to diabetes, peripheral vascular disease and trauma induced disease increased, the prevalence rate increased. With the development of magnetic resonance imaging and CT imaging technology, it greatly improved the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of chronic osteomyclitis and ability to describe the infection characteristics, and provide a reliable basis for clinical treatment. The current research on chronic osteomyelitis mainly concentrated on the aspects of imaging applications and ways of using antibiotic optimization control inflammation, defect restoration and reconstruction of blood supply and treatment. But the best time to the antibiotic therapy and the use of program is still uncertain, for after debridement, bone grafting time and defect repair function of fast recovery still need further research.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Osteomyelitis ; diagnosis ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo observe effects of serum Bushen Huoxue prescription(Chinese characters) on classic Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways of osteoblasts, and explore mechanism of Bushen Huoxue prescription (Chinese characters) for preventing osteoporosis.

METHODSTwenty health female rats were randomly divided into two groups, including Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters) group and saline group,10 in each group. Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters) group and Saline group were gavaged Bushen Huoxue and saline every day for 1 week. Bushenhuoxue containing serum and saline containing serum were got according to methods of serum preparation of drug-containing. The osteoblasts was cultured with neonatal rat skull according to Enzyme Consumer Law, and was identified by Wright-Giemsa staining (R-J) and alkaline phosphatase staining (ALP). The third generation of osteoblasts was divided into three groups, including saline group, normal group,Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters) group. Each group were added to 15% appropriate medium. ALP activity of osteoblasts and osteoblasts proliferation rate were tested, mineralized nodules were observed, the expression of β-catenin, Runx2, Osx mRNA of osteoblasts were tested by RT-PCR.

RESULTSThere was blue granules in cytoplasm, cell nucleus was flint with 1 to 3 nucleoli showed by R-J staining, morphology of osteoblasts were cultured. ALP staining showed cytoplasm with purple granules, the results showed that the cultured cell was osteoblasts. The content of ALP in Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters)group was (6.272±0.131) ,appreciation rate was (0.81? 0.172), and could significantly improve differentiation and proliferation activity of osteoblasts compared with Saline group (P< 0.01). There were four different size orange nodules, the Maximun nodule was 1.0 x 1.0 cm in Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters) group after Alizarin red staining, the results showed Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters)group could obviously improve mineralization of osteoblasts. The expression of mRNA of β-catenin, Runx2 and Osx in Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters)group were (1.782±0.944), (1.935±0.994) and (1.610±0.811) by RT-PCR,it was significantly increased compared with saline group (P<0.01), but there was no difference between Bushen Huoxue (Chinese characters)group and normal group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONBushen Huoxue (Chinese characters)group could obviously promote differentiation, proliferation and mineralization of osteoblasts through activation of Wnt, β-catenin signaling pathway. It suggested that the mechanism of action of Bushen Huoxue (O'f f Il.t)particle clould prevent osteoporosis through the activation of Wnt, β-catenin signaling pathway.

Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Osteoporosis ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Wnt Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Wnt Signaling Pathway ; drug effects ; beta Catenin ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the efficacy and safety of plasma-perfusion with a novel aminated chitosan on liver failure in a canine model.

METHODSA canine model of liver failure was established. Plasma-perfusion with a novel aminated chitosan was performed on those dogs. Blood pressure and body temperature during plasma-perfusion were monitored. Total plasma bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin at the entrance and exit of a column before and after plasma-perfusion and at the time of 15, 30, 60, and 120 min during plasma-perfusion were examined. Blood alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, ammonia, plasma prothrombin time, electrolytes and other blood parameters were examined before and after the plasma-perfusion.

RESULTSAfter the plasma-perfusion, total bilirubin decreased from 177.4+/-18.1 to 46.1+/-3.7 (P less than 0.05), direct bilirubin decreased from 124.2+/-10.3 to 30.5+/-1.7 (P less than 0.05), indirect bilirubin decreased from 53.2+/-2.8 to 15.6+/-2.0 (P less than 0.05). Compared at the entrance of the column, there were significant decreases in the levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin of plasma at the exit of the column at the times of 15 and 30 min during plasma-perfusion (P less than 0.05); there were no further significant decreases at 60 and 120 min (P more than 0.05). Compared with pre-plasma-perfusion, there were significant decreases in the levels of blood alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ammonia (P less than 0.05); the plasma prothrombin time was significantly increased (P less than 0.05), the electrolytes, hematocrit level, platelet count, and white cell count were not affected significantly by the perfusion (P more than 0.05); blood pressure and body temperature were not affected significantly during the plasma-perfusion.

CONCLUSIONPlasma-perfusion with a novel aminated chitosan resin is an effective and safe method for treating liver failure in this canine model.

Animals ; Bilirubin ; blood ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Chitosan ; blood ; therapeutic use ; Dogs ; Female ; Liver Failure ; therapy ; Male ; Perfusion ; Plasma

The intracellular trafficking and subcellular distribution of exogenous gene is very important for gene delivery. A successful gene vehicle should overcome various barriers including endosomal membrane barriers to delivery gene to the target organelle. Traditional nonviral vehicle is unable to avoid endosomal pathway efficiently, so the efficiency of gene delivery is low and the application of gene drugs is limited. In order to achieve efficient nonviral gene delivery, a lot of researches based on endosomal escape have been carried out and some agents with the function of endsomal escape have been found. These agents facilitate the endsomal escape via various mechanisms, such as fusion into the lipid bilayer of endosomes, pore formation in the endosomal membrane, proton sponge effect and photochemical methods to rupture the endosomal membrane. In this review, various reported strategies for endsomal escape are described according to the escape mechanisms, and their applications in intracellular gene delivery are also discussed.
Cell Membrane ; metabolism ; Endosomes ; metabolism ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the common type of arthropathy, the clinical stage of the typical patients belongs to the middle-late stage, so it urges to improve the early diagnosis. At present, magnetic resonance imaging is most used in clinical diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis, and with the development of different MRI sequences, the sequences of early articular cartilage lesions are used in clinic. In the early diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis, the simple and practical methods such as ultrasonography is becoming a trend, and the specific biomarkers of early knee osteoarthritis have become the hot research. This overview article outlined the methods of early diagnosis from the ultrashort echo time MRI, ultrasonography and biomarkers.
Biomarkers ; analysis ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; Radiography ; Ultrasonography