Background Epithelial-mesenchymaltransition (EMT)isamajorcontributortothe pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification(PCO).Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) is a zinc finger protein,which can be stimulated by high glucose in proximal tubule cells and involved in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)induced EMT of diabetic nephropathy.ObjectiveThis study was designed to investigate the effect of high glucose on the expression of KLF6 and its target genes( TGFB1,TGFBR1,COLIA1,HSP47) in human lens epithelial cells (LECs).MethodsHuman LECs(SRA01/04) were cultured and exposed to different concentration of glucose.The expressions of KLF6 mRNA and protein were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction( real time PCR) and western blot after treatment with high glucose.The expressions of KLF6 target genes were analyzed by real time PCR to evaluate the EMT of SRA01/04 cells.ResultsCompared with the control group(5.5 mmol/L),the relative mRNA levels of t-KLF6 and wt-KLF6 in SRA01/04 treated with high glucose(22.2,44.4,66.6 mmol/L) increased obviously (F =72.53,42.02,P＜0.01 ).Then,the concentration of 22.2 mmol/L was used in the next experiments.The relative mRNA levels of t-KLF6 and wt-KLF6 increased to the peaks after treatment with high glucose for 12 h,and began to decrease after 24 h until lower levels after 48 h ( F =100.12,125.52,P ＜ 0.01 ).Western blot showed that the expression of KLF6 protein was also upregulated by high glucose treatment.With the promotion of the expression of KLF6 gene,the relative mRNA levels of TGFB1,TGFBR1,COLlAl and HSP47 of treated cells also respectively increased after treatment for 12 h,and began to decrease after 24 h until nearly at the levels of the control groups after 48 h( F=6.73,162.35,64.39,12.05,P＜0.05 ).ConclusionsIt was concluded that high glucose induced the expression of KLF6 in human LECs,and KLF6 transiently stimulated the expression of target genes TGFB1,TGFBRl,COLlAl and HSP47 which were mainly involved in the mechanism of EMT.

[Objective] To compare the efficacy of Chinese traditional medicine,metformin and cyproterone on reducing insulin resistance,improve metabolic status of glucose and lipid and raise ovulation rate in women with polycysitic ovarian syndrome.[Methods] 100 women with PCOS were divided into three groups:40 patients chosen to be treated by Chinese traditional medicine.The rest were randomly divided into two groups which both contain 30 patients.One group is treated by metformin while another one is treated by cyproterone.Total 87 patients finished the treatment of three months.Basal body temperature(BBT),body mass index,total testosterone,fasting serum insulin and blood sugar levels as well as lipid spectrum were measured and compared among all the patients before and after treatment.[Results] No significant difference is found in the baseline characteristics among three groups before treatment.In Chinese traditional medicine group,90%(36/40)patients finished the treatment,and 33%(12/36)patients ovulated.In metformin group,86%(26/30)patients finished the treatment,and 19%(5/26)patients ovulated.In cyproterone group,83%(25/30)patients finished the treatment,and 16%(4/25)patients ovulated.Ovulation rate was significantly higher in Chinese traditional medicine group than those in metformin and cyproterone groups.There was significant difference between Chinese traditional medicine group and cyproterone group(P

Objective To observe the effect of pulmonary surfactant(PS) on lung function and ventilator parameters of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(NRDS) in the advanced stage.Methods Twenty-eight infants with NRDS were given PS in one dose by endotracheal intubation on the left side,right side,feet high with head low,and level decub respectively.The dose of PS was 100-150 mg/kg each time,each posture slow note of the drug were required 1/4,out of the straw,hand-controlled ventilation,to reduce fluid loss,with the exception of a clear airway obstruction,within 6 hours after the administration not to shoot back suction,to give mechanical ventilation after the injection.Lung function parameters were also measured:pressure of oxygen in artery[p_a(O_2)],carbon dioxide partial pressure[p_a(CO_2)],the ratio of pressure of oxygen in artery and alveolar oxygen partial pressure[a/Ap(O_2)] and oxygenation index(OI) were determined.Ventilator parameters were determined:oxygen concentration(FiO_2),oxygen peak(PIP),end-expiratory positive pressure(PEEP) and mean airway pressure(MAP) were determined.These numerical data were analyzed and compared before and after treatment with PS.Clinical manifestations,thoracic X-ray changes,survival rate and incidence rate of complications were also analyzed and compared before and after PS therapy.Results p_a(O_2),a/Ap(O_2) showed significant upgrade and OI had a decrease after PS administration in comparison with those before PS therapy.The ventilator parameters(except for PEEP) acquired were also lower after drug administration than those in before drug therapy.There were significant differences in both stages(P_a90%,respiratory sound in 24 cases enhanced,the observation of chest film after 24 h indicated that,lesions in 21 cases improved significantly,5 cases took a favorable turn.The survival rate was 85.7%.The incidence rate of complication was as follows:pneumonia was 25%,patent ductus arteriosus was 10.7%,pneumorrhagia was 7.1% and intraventricular hemorrhage was 3.6%,respectively.Conclusion Respiratory function of NRDS is significantly improved by using PS in the advanced stage,and therapeutic effect is apparent.

Objective To study the ultra-structural features of interstitial cajal cells (ICC)in fetal enteron and then classify them.Methods Ultra-structural features of ICC in fetal enteron with spontaneous abortion or premature birth were detected under JEM-2000EX transmission electron microscope for the cause of fetal death, including two fetus specimens of a gestation 18 months and 28 months stained with lead nitrate and uranium acetate.Results ICC had a big oval karyon and a little of cytoplasm. ICC formed spindle or stellate cells with 2 to 5 long cell processes . From the esophagus to the terminal ileum ICC mostly had the same ultra-structural features, but with mitochondria and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in the whole colon and the rectum , more than those of esophagus and small intestine. In the whole colon and rectum ICC had similar ultra-structural features. ICC also possessed an abundance of mitochondria and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. ICC also possessed Caveloae lipid droplet with more electron dense and heterochromatin. Two types of ICC were identified under JEM-2000EX transmission electron microscope. One type was present from the esophagus to the terminal ileum and the other type was observed in the colon and rectum. The first type ICC in circular muscle layer was bipolar cells which extended to tapering processes in opposite directions. These processes rarely branched, and their appearance was similar to smooth muscle cells.Most of them ran parallel to the circular muscles . The second type of ICC in the myenteric plexus and longitudinal muscle layer was mostly multipolar and rarely bipolar cells with long processes. They showed an irregular appearance characterized by numerous short spike-like branches. Processes of multipolar cells extended in every direction and connected with each other. ICC nerve cells and smooth muscle cells were connected with gap-like junction, which was the main connection mode .Conclusions The ultra-structural features of ICC in fetal enteron varied with the diffe-rent locus and different tissue sheets in the enteron. The mitochondria and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of the whole colon and rectum are more and more developed than that of esophagus and small intestine. Ultra-structural features of ICC will develop further with the gestational age. The gap- like junction among ICC nerve cell and smooth muscle cell are highly important for ICC to educe function.

The history of the World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) was reviewed through summarizing the background and process of the establishment of WFAS. The establishment background was explained in different aspects, named the recovery of acupuncture-Moxibustion in the world, the successive setup of world acupuncture-Moxibustion organizations, the divergences of International Association of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, striding forward of China reform and opening policy as well as the attention of the World Health Organization (WHO), etc. The establishment of WFAS was introduced on the proposal from eight countries, the important time of the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in China, 1984, divergences and consensus as well as the final phase. The official establishment of WFAS represents the global benefits of acupuncture-Moxibustion colleagues. It is the international organization of acupuncture and moxibustion, contributing to the promotion of acupuncture and moxibustion in the world.
Acupuncture ; history ; organization & administration ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; Societies, Medical ; history

From cooperation between World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) and World Health Organization, works of academics and standardization, acupuncture-moxibustion education, technique service, organization development, etc., the 27-year development of WFAS since 1987 was summarized and reviewed in details. The growth of WFAS witnesses and promotes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in the world, so by learning the experience and lessons, WFAS could have a wider path, becoming a core organization for communicating and promoting the development of acupuncture, even the traditional medicine in the world.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; organization & administration ; standards ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; standards ; Global Health ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; standards ; Societies ; history ; World Health Organization

Objective To investigate in vitro anti-hydatid efficacy on Echinococcus granulosus protoscolex(EgPSC) by using albendazole sulfoxide(ASOX) and its two enantiomeric antipodes, L-ASOX and D-ASOX.Methods Eg protoscoleces were divided into eight groups and cultured in the DMEM culture media under two concentrations(50 ?g/ml and 100 ?g/ml) of ASOX, L-ASOX and D-ASOX respectively.The appropriate controls included(i) a culture containing an equal amount of DMSO and(ii) a culture medium alone.The mortality of EgPSC in each group was daily counted until 100% EgPSC death in some groups.Results Significant difference of EgPSC mortality was found among the three drugs with various concentrations compared to control group(P0.05), but between ASOX group and L-ASOX group(P

BACKGROUND: Orthodontic tooth movement is dependent on reconstruction of periodontium. Osteoclastic bone resorption is the first step of tooth movement. The present study hotspots focus on signal transduction pathway regarding osteoclast differentiation and functional development under stress and on the relationship between periodontal ligament cells and osteoclasts. OBJECTIVE: To set up a simple method to in vitro culture human osteoclast-like cells and to observe the effects of bone resorption-stimulating factors on differentiation, proliferation, and function of osteoclast-like cells, DESIGN, TIME AND STTING: A cytological in vitro controUod observation was performed at the Central Laboratory,Stomatology Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University between October 2007 and May 2008. MATERIALS: Umbilical cord blood was sourced from the healthy puerperae who had not suffered from high-risk pregnancy. Freshly prepared fetal femur provided by Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University and were used for preparation of bone flaps at 100-200 μm thickness. 1α ,25-(OH)2D3, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), prostaglandin E2 were purchased from Sigma Company, USA.METHODS: Under aseptic condition, umbilical cord blood was collected. Following Ficoll solution separation and centrifugation, supematant was discarded. Umbilical cord blood-derived mononuclear cells were suspended with o -modified minimal essential medium (α-MEM) solution and then inoculated into a 24-well culture plate, in which, coverslips and femoral slices were pre-placed, at a density of 1×109/L, 1.0 mL per well. Five groups were set, blank control, 108 mol/L 1α ,25-(OH)2D3, 10-7 mol/L 1α ,25-(OH)2D3, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and 1α ,25-(OH)2D3+prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Each group was cultured for 7 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cellular growth morphology was observed under an inverted microscope; osteoclast-like celt formation was examined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining; and osteoclastic Howship's lacuna was detected by toluidine blue staining. Any cell with TRAP-positive staining and more than two nuclei was considered osteoclast-like cell and counted. RESULTS: After 3 days of culture, cells from the blank control group did not exhibit apparent changes in morphology and quantity. In the remaining groups, mononuclear cells appeared with confluent tendency. After 7 days of culture, a small number of osteoclast- like cells with 2-3 nuclei were found in the blank control group; a great many of multinucleated osteoclast- like cells with 3-20 nuclei were present in the remaining groups. Through the use of optical microscope, osteoclast-like cells could be found for the presence of red cytoplasm, bright yellow nuclei, and TRAP-positive staining in each inducing factor-treated group, in particular in the 108 mol/L 1α ,25-(OH)2D3 group, which displayed osteoclast- like cells exhibiting 14 nuclei, strong TRAP-positive staining, and a relatively big cell body. But no osteoclastic Howship's lacuna was found in any group. Compared to the blank control group, the numbers of osteoclast-like cells were greater in each inducing factor-treated group (F = 9.78, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the numbers of osteoclast-like cells between the 108 mol/L 1α ,25-(OH)2D3 and the 10-7 mol/L 1 a ,25-(OH)2D3 groups (P0.05). The M-CSF group and the 1α ,25-(OH)2D3+PGE2 group exhibited significantly less numbers of osteoclast-like cells than the 108 mol/L 1α ,25-(OH)2D3 group (F= 7.46, P< 0.01). CONCLUSION: After in vitro culture of 1α ,25-(OH)2D3, M-CSF, and PGE2, umbilical cord blood-derived mononuclear cells can differentiate into TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclast-like cells, the 10-8 mol/L 1α ,25-(OH)2D3 being the most effective.