Objective To establish a multi-drug resistant model of temporal lobe epilepsy and observe the effect of hippocampal stimulation on pharmacoresistant epileptic rats and its possible mechanism with the use of indexes including after discharges (AD) of the amygdalae,the stimulus-induced seizures and the extracellular levels of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA).Methods Totally,120 Wistar rats were used for the amygdaloid kindled model of epilepsy by chronic stimulation of amygaloid basal lateral nucleus.Based on the successful kindled model of epilepsy,we selected the pharmacoresistant and pharmacosensitive epileptic rats according to their response to phenobabital and phenytoin.We then divided the pharmacoresistant epileptic rats into the hippocampal stimulation group and control group,with 8 rats in each group.Low-frequency stimulus was conducted for two weeks in the hippocampal stimulation group.The hippocampus extracellular fluid collected by microdialysis was then used to determine the levels of GABA by a high performance liquid chromatography method after hippocampal stimulation.Results The stimulus-induced seizures were inhibited significantly,and the frequency of the AD was decreased,as well as the amplitude,compared with the control group.The extracellular level of GABA in the 8:00-9:00 am and the 8:00-9:00 pm was (32.69 ± 7.80) and (35.76 ± 6.27) μg/ml,respectively,both significantly increased as compared with the control ((26.58 ± 6.87) μg/ml,t =-21.45,P =0.000 ; (31.50 ± 4.87) μg/ml,t =-15.74,P =0.000).Conclusions The low-frequency hippocampal stimulation inhibits the seizures of the kindled model of epilepsy and decreases the frequency,the amplitude,as well as the duration of the amygdale AD in the pharmacoresistant epileptic rats,which may be contributed to the increased GABA content in extracellular fluid of the brain after stimulation.

Objective To observe the change of expression of inwardly rectifying K+(Kir)2.3 mRNA and protein of Kir in the hippocampus of rats with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE)in different time points and the effect of Tenidap a Kir2.3 channel opener on its expression,investigate the relationship between Kir2.3 and the pathogenesis of TLE and to explore the potential of Kir agonists as anti-epileptic drugs.Methods The pilocarpine TLE rat model was used.Animals were randomly assigned to the control or the status epilepticus(SE)groups,which were further divided into four time point subgroups consisting of 0.6,72 hours,and 2 weeks post-SE termination.Another subgroup was given Tenidap,a Kir2.3 channel opener,and tested 2 weeks post-SE.Hippoeampi were removed and the expression of Kir2.3 mRNA and protein at different time points was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and western blotting.Results The ratios of Kir2.3 mRNA and β-actin in normal control and 0,6,72hours and 2 weeks after SE termination were 0.080±0.030,0.103±0.045,0.164±0.026,0.132±0.024.0.011±0.008,respectively(F=23.684,P<0.01).The ratios of Kir2.3 protein and GAPDH in propotional groups were0.305±0.030,0.263±0.028,0.767±0.167,0.498±0.077,0.176±0.026(F=44.183.P<0.05).The expression of Kir2.3 channel in the epileptic rats was bimodal,increasing immediately after SE,relative to controls,and declining in the chronically epileptic period.Tenidap administration upregulated both the mRNA(0.021±0.006)and protein expression(0.636±0.140) of Kir2.3(F=25.216 and 47.355,P<0.05 and 0.01).Condusion These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of TLE is accompanied by a decrease in Kit2.3 expression,which may be ameliorated by the administration of tenidap.

OBJECTIVE:To develop an HPLC method for the determination of 5-ISMNconcerntrations in human plasma and study the pharmacokinetics of 5-ISMN orally disintegrating tablets and the reference tablets.METHODS:A single oral dose test capsule(orally disintegrating tablets)or reference capsule of 5-ISMN(60 mg)were administered by randomized crossover way in 20 healthy male volunteers with plasma 5-ISMN concentrations determined by HPLC.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with 3p87 pharmacokinetic program and the bioavailability of the two preparations was evaluated.RESULTS:The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test preparation vs.the reference preparation were as follows:Cmax:(613.42?73.83)vs.(368.64?38.66)?g?mL-1;tmax:(26.52?2.00)vs.(95.73?4.16)min;AUC0～∞:(73 872.24?543.89)vs.(77 978.47?646.37)ng?min?mL-1,respectively.CONCLUSION:The assay was proved to be sensitive,accurate and suitable for pharmacokinetic study of 5-ISMN.The results of pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of test and reference preparations of 5-ISMN showed that the two preparations were bioequivalent while the test preparation had a higher peak concentration and could reach peak level in less time,and the test preparation showed a rapid drug releasing behavior.

3 cases with esophageal fistula following anterior cervical fixation were reported. The diagnosis, treatment, nursing and prevention were summarized with literature.

"Tinglizi", the ripe seed of Descurainia sophia and Lepidium apetalum, is a member of Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Traditionally, the former is called "Nantinglizi" (Descurainiae Semen) while the latter is called "Beitinglizi" (Lepidii Semen). In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it has the power to purge lung-fire, relieve dyspnea, promote diuresis and reduce edema, and it is mainly indicated in a case with phlegm-fluid accumulation, cough with excessive sputum, dyspnea with being unable to lie, and general swelling. In view of its wide-spread application in clinic, a comprehensive review of Lepidii Semen and Descurainiae Semen was conducted from the following aspects: herbalogical study, variety identification, historical evolution of processing, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, quantitative determination and toxicity which could provide reference for further research and development of "Tinglizi".
Brassicaceae ; chemistry ; Diuresis ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Dyspnea ; drug therapy ; Edema ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Lepidium ; chemistry ; Lung ; drug effects ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; Seeds ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo discriminate Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen.

METHODA high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to establish the fingerprint of Descurainiae Semen, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to study HPLC fingerprinting and chemical recognition.

RESULTThere exists large difference of chromatographic peaks and its relative peak area of HPLC fingerprints between Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen, and after conducting statistical analysis, the result demonstrated that all samples were classified into three categories: Descurainiae Semen, Pantagirus Semen and their mixtures.

CONCLUSIONThe developed HPLC fingerprint combined with chemometrics can be utilized to discriminate between Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen, which was quick, simple, accurate and reliable an can provide the basis for the characterization and quality assess of Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen.

0.05).Our data also showed no significant association between the genotypes and the severity of the disease.One-way ANOVA showed that BDNF genotype had no association to the age of onset for developing AD.Conclusions Our results indicate that Va166Met SNP in BDNF gene is not associated with AD.

Objective :To explore the feasibility and clinical value of real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echo‐cardiography (RT‐3D TEE) in diagnosis of congenital heart valvular disease (CHVD).Methods :A total of 135 CH‐VD patients treated in our hospital were selected .All patients received surgery ,and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and RT‐3D TEE inspection successively within 7d before surgery .Heart valve lesion condition was observed , and diagnostic results of two methods and surgical outcome were compared and analyzed .Results :RT‐3D TEE could display the morphological structure ,lesion degree and peripheral blood flow of heart valves in CHVD patients in a multi‐angle ,stereoscopic and clear way .It could find heart valve disease which is difficult to be identified by TTE , and corrected the diagnostic deviation .With surgical results as the gold standard ,diagnostic coincidence rate of RT‐3D TEE was significantly higher than that of TTE (97. 04% vs.91. 11%, P＝0.039).CHVD diagnosed by RT‐3D TEE and TTE possessed a intermediate consistency (Kappa＝0.477 , P＝0. 001).Conclusion :RT‐3D TEE can pro‐vide more imaging information for the diagnosis of CHVD ,which can be used as an effective supplement for preop‐erative TTE examination .

Objective To observe effect of lidocaine pretreatment to malondialdehyde(MDA) and endothelin(ET) of patient ac-cepeted brain tumor removing and discuss the optimized pretreatment time .Methods 60 brain tumor patients in the hospital from March 2009 to September 2011 .according to the different pretreatment time ,the patients were randomly divided into five groups :group A(preoperative 48 h) ,group B(preoperative 24 h) ,group C(preoperative 12 h) ,group D(0 h or anesthesia induced) ,group E (control group) and group F(blank control group) ,10 cases in each group .Group A ,B ,C ,D with 1% lidocaine 1 .5 mg/kg intrave-nous pretreatment on schedule ,then induced conventional anesthesia ;group E were supplemented with 1% lidocaine 2 .5 mg · kg -1 · h-1 intravenous injection after anesthesia induction ;group F was performed routine program without lidocaine .The spontaneous breathing time ,awake time and tracheal extubation time was recorded ,while NIHSS score for evaluation of neural function defect was applied ,and peripheral serum level of MDA and ET was detected by colorimetric technique and radio-immunity .Results In group C ,the spontaneous breathing time ,awake time and tracheal extubation time were shorter than other groups ,but the difference had no statistically significant(P>0 .05) .There was no significant difference among each group in the aspect of NIHSS score 1 day before surgery(P>0 .05) ,after 14 days of operation ,NIHSS of group C was statistically lower than that of group E and group F (P<0 .05) .Before anesthesia induction ,there was no significant difference among groups (P> 0 .05) .MDA and ET content in group C was significantly lower than those in other groups after surgery (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Lidocaine given 12 h before cere-bral ischemia has varying degree protection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury .The protection has relation with the de-crease of MDA and ET content .

Objective To explore the relationship between reduction of regional cerebral blood flow in the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and the extent of age-related white matter lesions (WML).Methods We used Fazekas scale to divide all participants into four groups (normal,mild,moderate,severe) according to the extent of the lesions showed on MRI.Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the area of WML and NAWM was measured by xenon contrast CT examination.Results A total of 56 cases were selected.The average rCBF (ml · 100 g-1 · min-1) in the lesions (WML) around ventricle,in right centrum ovale and in left centrum ovale respectively was 20.33 ± 2.52,21.27 ± 1.02,21.03 ± 1.83 for mild; 16.33 ±2.03,15.55 ±1.71,15.91 ±0.98 for moderate; 14.05 ±2.63,14.46 ±2.17,14.23 ± 1.95 for severe.The average rCBF (ml · 100 g-1 · min-1) in the NAWM around ventricle,in right centrum ovale and in left centrum ovale respectively was 20.79 ± 2.78,22.26 ± 1.9,22.15 ± 2.4 for normal; 21.12 ± 2.95,22.17 ± 1.50,22.25 ± 2.13 for mild,18.02 ± 2.41,19.45 ± 1.94,19.62 ± 1.54for moderate; 16.38 ± 3.22,18.18 ± 2.84,16.74 ± 2.97 for severe.The decrease of rCBF in the severe and moderate lesion areas was more serious than that in the mild lesion areas and reached statistic significance (P ＜ 0.05) ; The decrease of rCBF in the severe and moderate lesion areas was more serious than that in the area of NAWM in the same grade and reached statistic significance (P ＜ 0.05).The decrease of rCBF in the area of NAWM around severe and moderate lesion areas was more serious compared with that around mild lesion areas or normal areas (P ＜ 0.05) ; But the difference of rCBF in the area of NAWM around mild lesion areas and normal areas did not show any statistic significance.Conclusions Chronic ischemia was found to be existed not only in the lesions (WML) but also in the area of NAWM around the lesions,and was related to the extent of the lesions.Chronic ischemia may play a key role in the mechanism of aged-related WML.