OBJECTIVE:To research the correlation between per capita disposable income,investment of pharmaceutical advertisement,people’s healthy level,pharmaceutical price and the demand of drugs in China METHODS:Based on the economical theory,the methods of the econometrics and the Eviews were adopted to establish the model of demand function RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Under the background of the non-full competition,the improvement of people’s living conditions can lead to the demand of drugs The changes of drug price have little influence on the demand of drugs

By generalizing the integrity crisis of college students,the article analyzes the causes of this phenomenon,and proposes a series of measures aiming at strengthening integrity education,establishing the favorable environment,completing the mechanism of rewards and punishments and building the credit system,in the hope of securing the deepening and full completion of good-faith education at college,both ideologically and systematically.

The coronary collateral circulation is an alternative source of blood supply to the myocardium jeopardized by failure of the original vessel to provide adequate flow. Angiogenesis growth factors induce angiogenesis to promote collateral circulation, been demonstrated in a number of different animal test and phase Ⅰ clinical experience to induce collateralization in the ischemic area and improve cardiac function. Although there are several unsolved questions, the pharmacologic use of angiogenesis growth factors will represent a viable therapeutic alternative for the patients with ischemic heart disease.

Objective To study the expression of E-cadherin protein and Snail protein in the labial glands of patients with primary Sj(o)gren's syndrome(pSS) and to analyze their roles in the pathogenesis of pSS.Methods The expression of E-cadherin protein and Snail protein were detected by immunohistochemical method.The labial glands were obtained from 50 patients with pSS and 30 healthy controls.The data was analyzed by Chi-Square test,Fisher's exact probability and Spearman's rank correlation analysis.Results The expression rate of E-cadherin in the labials gland of the patients with pSS were lower than that in normal salivary tissues (x2=14.651,P＜0.01).The positive rates of Snail in the labial glands of the patients with PSS were 40％ and it's expression rates were significantly higher than those in normal salivary tissues (x2=28.800,P＜0.01).There was a negative correlation between lymphocyte focus score and the expression of E-cadherin (P＜0.01) and a positive correlation between lymphocyte focus score and the expression of Snail in pSS group (P＜0.01).There was a negative correlation between the expression of E-cadherin and Snail (rs=-0.484,P＜0.01).Conclusion The interaction of E-cadherin and Snail may have played an important role in the pathogenesis of PSS.

Objective To investigate the serum levels of anti-BRAF antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its clinical significance.Methods Blood samples from 129 patients with RA,71 patients with other rheumatic diseases and 68 healthy controls were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).The serum levels of anti-BRAF antibody in patients with RA were divided into high,medium and low groups,each group had 43 cases.The clinical symptoms,immunological findings and related imaging data of all cases were recorded.We investigated the relationship between the serum levels of anti-BRAF antibody and the clinical symptoms,immunological findings and related imaging changes of the RA group.Chi-square test,Mann-Whitney U test,Spearman's correlation test were used for statistical analysis.Results ① The serum levels of anti-BRAF antibody were significantly higher in RA group [A:1.093 (0.150-3.210)] than in other rheumatic diseases group [A:0.278 (0.093-0.455)] and healthy controls [A:0.202 (0.121-0.443)] (Z=-11.223,P=0.021 ; Z=-7.839,P=0.008 7).The serum levels of anti-BRAF antibody was not significantly different between patients with other rheumatic diseases group and healthy controls (Z=-0.905,P=0.445).② The difference in positive rate of rheumatoid factor (RF) in different groups of anti-BRAF antibody levels was statistically significant (λx2=10.14,P=0.006),namely the positive rate was significantlyhigher in the low-level group (88％) than in the high-level group (58％) (x2=10.03,P=0.002).Thepositive rate of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and anti-keratin antibody of the three groups was not significantly different (x2=0.721,P=0.697; x2=1.735,P=0.188).③ There was significant negative correlation between the levels of anti-BRAF antibody and the course of disease (r=-0.233,P=0.047),RF(r=-2.84,P=0.039),IgM (r=-0.234,P=0.038),and hemoglobin (r=-0.287,P=0.032).There was no significant correlation between the level of anti-BRAF antibody and the joint swelling index (r=-0.133,P=0.230),joint pain index (r=-0.173,P=0.100),other clinical and laboratory parameters.There was significantly negative correlation between the ESR and hemoglobin level.④ There was no significant difference of the level of anti-BRAF antibody between the normal group and patients with bone destruction in the RA group (Z=-0.642,P=0.521).⑤ There was no significant difference in the level of anti-BRAF antibody between the normal group and patients with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis group in the RA group (Z=-0.121,P=0.904).Conclusion The anti-BRAF antibody can be used for the diagnosis of RA as a new autoantibody,and it can also be used in the diagnosis of early or RF-negative RA.There is no correlation between the level of anti-BRAF antibody and bone destruction and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

AlM:To determine the relations between the changes of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) concentration in plasma, aqueous humor and vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy ( DR ) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR) , as well as to find if the condition of metabolism control of patients with DR may affect the VEGF level.
METHODS: Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of VEGF concentration in plasma of non-diabetic retinopathy ( NDR ) patients group, background diabetic retinopathy ( BDR ) patients group, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR) patients group. The levels of HbAlc in plasma of patients in above three groups were measured at the same time. The VEGF concentration in aqueous humor, vitreous of PDR patients group and normal group was also measured for further comprehensive analysis. Human VEGF immunoassay Quantikine with high sensibility and quality was imported from R&D Co. LTD. , USA.
RESULTS: There was an increasing tendency in the VEGF concentration in aqueous humor of PDR patients group. There was no statistically significant difference as it was compared with normal group (P>0. 05). The VEGF concentration in vitreous of PDR patients group was obviously increased, there was significant difference as it was compared with normal group (P<0. 01). lt showed an increasing tendency of VEGF concentration in turn in plasma, aqueous humor and vitreous of the 3 PDR patients selves. lt showed that there was significant difference among VEGF concentration in plasma, aqueous humor and vitreous of all the PDR patients (P<0. 01). ln normal group there was no significant difference among VEGF concentration in plasma, aqueous humor and vitreous ( P > 0. 05 ). ln normal group the VEGF concentration in plasma was the highest, but in PDR patients group the VEGF concentration in vitreous was the highest.
CONCLUSlON: The significantly increased VEGF concentration in eyes, especially in vitreous of PDR patients may play an important role in development and deterioration of DR. lt was clear that VEGF played its normal biological functions mainly in plasma in normal human. ln severe DR patients, abnormal high may come from ischemic and VEGF concentration in vitreous suggested that it hypoxic retina and there was a tendency to diffuse towards the front of eyes.

Nonglomerular synapses in the neuropil of the substantia gelatinosa of adult ratspinal trigeminal nucleus were subjected to electron microscopic examination. Nonglomerular synapses in the substantia gelatinosa were associated with four main types of axonal terminals. On the basis of vesicle shapes, these were classified as round vesicle, elongate vesicle, pleomorphie vesicle, and dense cored vesicle terminals. The category of round vesicle terminals could be subdivided into large round vesicle terminals and small round vesicle terminals according to their different size of synaptic vesicles. Nonglomerular synapses included four types, i. e. axodendritic, axo-axonic, dendro-dendritic and dendro-axonic synapses. Of these, the majority of synapses were axodendritie. The functional significance of the classification of these synapses and their axonal terminals had been discussed.

Large dense core vesicle in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of the rat has been observed electron microscopically. It is fixed in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide following removal of the skin of the vibrissae areas. The findings of the present study are: 1.Morphological evidence for exocytosis of large dense core vesicle from non-synaptic sites of the axonal terminal has been presented.2. The large coated vesicles equipped with central densities derived from the invagination of the plasma membrane. These observations suggest that membrane recycling occur at location in the terminal via these coated vesicles.3.Some large dense core vesicles may also form the tubular structures which may represent smooth endoplasmic reticulum containing dense material. This study supports the hypothesis that release of the transmitter of the great dense core vesicles occur at nonsynaptic sites by exocytosis.

Objective To study the mechanism of haze formation after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Methods 27 adult New Zealand white rabbits were employed in this study.24 of them received PRK in the right eye and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the left eye at the same time and under the same condition for -10\^00D ablation at once,24hour,1 week,2 week,1month,3 month,6 month and 12 month after surgery,the corneas were examined periodically by slip\|lamp microscopy for haze formation,and the both eyes of 3 rabbits were enucleated,the corneas were studies with light microscopy;transmission electron microscopy;immunohistochemical evaluation for extracellular matrix,including collagen type Ⅰ,type Ⅲ,type Ⅵ,cellular fibronection,tenascin and laminin;RT\|PCR detection for mRAN of collagen type Ⅰ. Results The incidence of haze was 100% after PRK.No haze formation after LASIK.Haze was located at the anterior stroma immediately adjacent to the ablated areas.The change of structure and composition which correlated with haze formation was due to a combination of the following factors:the basement membrane of corneal epithelium was discontinuous;A new layer of subepithelium tissue was synthesized;fibroblast was increased in number and activated;the collagen fibrils were disorganized.The diameter of fibrils and the space between the fibrils were irregular in the anterior stroma;The newly synthesized extracellular matrix inculding collagen type Ⅰ,type Ⅲ,type Ⅵ,cellular fibronection,tenascin and laminin were deposited in the anterior corneal stroma.Conclusion\ The formation and disappearing of haze was the result of interreaction between fibroblast and extracellular matrix.The destruction of basement membrane of corneal epithelium and Bowmen's member after PRK is initializing factor during haze formation.\;[

Objective To study the effectiveness of long-range electrocardio-monitoring system for aged people outside the hospital.Methods Long-range electrocardio-monitoring network system was adopted to perform monitoring 3 times every day for 320 retired leaders in Tianjin.Results The coincidence rate was 92.4%,and the morbidity rate 1.1%.Conclusion The long-range electrocardio monitoring network system can transfer patient's real-time information.Patients can be monitored by hospital at any time and in any place.