Animals ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Endoglin ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; metabolism ; Thy-1 Antigens ; metabolism ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes, is characterized by allodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain. Chinese epidemiological studies have shown that at least 25% diabetic patients suffered from painful DPN, which compromises patients' daily functioning and becomes a major health care problem. Although the pathogenesis of painful DPN is not fully understood and current treatment options are very limited, research in the field has advanced our understanding on the mechanism of painful DPN in the past Decade of Pain Research and Control. This review will mainly focus on evaluation of current diabetic animal models, possible molecular pathways and available therapies, with an emphasis on roles of purinergic receptor and its signaling transduction pathways. Common therapies address one or two DPN symptoms, while others offer wider symptom control, presumably by targeting pathophysiological mechanisms of DPN. Purinergic receptor signaling transduction pathways might become potential targets for treatment for painful DPN.
Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus ; physiopathology ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; physiopathology ; Pain ; physiopathology ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X ; physiology

Thirty healthy women and 101 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were recruited. According to serum testosterone (T) level and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ,the correlation of T and body mass index (BMI) with insulin resistance was analyzed. The results showed that there were 39. 8％ normal,24. 5％ overweight,and 35.7％ obese among 101 PCOS patients. However,there were no significantly differences in BMI, fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ), triglyceride ( TG ), total cholesterol ( TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ), and HOMA-IR levels between PCOS patients with hyperandrogenemia ( T ≥ 0. 51 μg/L) and normal androgenemia ( T ＜ 0. 51 μg/L). BMI, FPG, TG, TC, and LDL-C levels were higher and HDL-C level was lower in patients with insulin resistance( HOMA-IR ≥ 2. 29 ) than in patients without insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ＜ 2. 29, P＜0. 05 or P＜ 0. 01 ). Serum T levels were not significantly different between two groups. HOMA-IR was significantly correlated with BMI(P＜0. 01 ), not with serum T, suggesting that the gain of body weight is correlated with insulin resistance independent of serum T level.

Objective To explore the potential mechanism of adrenal androgen excess in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ACTH stimulation test was conducted and the polymorphisms in the promoter region of CYP21 A2 gene were screened to verify the variations related to the responsiveness to ACTH stimulation. Methods 30 healthy women and 101 PCOS patients, matched for age, were recruited from Ruijin hospital. Blood biochemical examinations were taken and sex hormone profiles obtained at baseline. 17 hydroxyprogesterone( 17OHP)was measured at 0 and 60 min in an ACTH stimulation test. The -710 bp -1 bp of the promoter region of CYP21A2 was sequenced in 87 PCOS patients and 30 control subjects. Results According to the post-stimulation 17 OHP levels obtained from 30 healthy women,PCOS patients were allocated into one group with high responsiveness to ACTH ( HR-PCOS, n = 21) and the other with normal responsiveness to ACTH ( NR-PCOS, n = 80). Compared with NR-PCOS subjects, HR-PCOS patients had higher testosterone( P<0.05), basal and post-stimulation 17OHP (both P<0.01)and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels (P<0.05 or P<0.01) .whereas serum cortisol and androstenedione levels were not significantly different before and after ACTH stimulation test. The genotypes of locus -535 were well correlated with post-stimulation 17OHP levels (r = 0. 20,P = 0. 03) in PCOS patients and the control subjects. The genotype T/T or allele T was significantly more frequent in subjects with a higher fertile of post-stimulation 17OHP (P<0.05 or P<0. 01). The odds ratio(OR)for higher responsiveness to ACTH in women with allele T at -535 was 3. 69 (95% CI 1. 69-8. 06,P = 0. 000 7). Conclusions The PCOS patients with higher responsiveness to ACTH are characterized by severe hyperandrogenemia and adrenal androgenexcess,suggesting that adrenal androgen excess in some PCOS patients may be due to higher responsiveness to ACTH. The polymorphism of -535C>T in the promoter region of CYP21 A2 may play a role in regulating 21 hydroxylase gene expression and further influencing 17OHP responsiveness to ACTH.

Objective To investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics in a patient with 17β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) 3 deficiency, regarding its pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Methods Clinical features and laboratory data were analyzed in a pedigree of 17β-HSD3 deficiency. Blood samples from the patient and his parents were collected. HSD17B3 gene was screened for mutations by PCR and subclone sequencing. Results The patient presented with pubertal virilization and gynecomastia. The physical examination showed female external genitalia and testes in inguinal canals. The chromosome karyotype was 46, XY. Serum FSH, LH, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione and 17-OH-progesterone levels were raised, whereas plasma testosterone was lowered. Sequencing analysis revealed 4 nucleotide deletion (172-175del) of HSD17B3 gene. Conclusion Virilization and gynecomastia in puberty suggest the probability of 17β-HSD deficiency. It may be verified clinically by hCG-stimulating test and confirmed by gene diagnosis.

Objective To explore the difference of four calculating methods used to determine the obesity. Methods Two thousand four hundred and forty six (2446) men and three hundred and seventy nine (379) women were measured height and body mass, Standard body mass, BMI, body fat ratio and obesity index(OI) were calculated with formula. According to the BMI≥ 25 kg/m2 , BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 and BMI≥28 kg/m2, the obese adults were 1419,680 and 435 respectively;there were 649 adults that their body mass was over 20％standard body mass; there were 639 adults that their body fat ratio was over 25％(male)and 33％(female). Results For obesity determination, the adults who were 20％overweight and over standard body fat ratio were significantly different from those whose BMI were over 25 kg/m2 ( P＜0. 05 ) ;Those who were 20％overweight and over standard body fat ratio were not significantly different from those whose BMI were over 27 kg/m2 ( P＞0.05 ) ; Those who were 20％overweight and over standard body fat ratio were significantly different from those whose BMI were over 28 kg/m2 ( P＜0. 05 ). Conclusion Determining obesity with BMI≥27 kg/m2 is feasible and rational.

Objective To investigate the effect of local injection of Botulinum toxin type A(BTXA) on spasticity and function of the affected upper limb in stroke patients.Methods A total of 32 stroke patients were re- cruited and randomly divided into two groups:a BTXA group and a control group.All the patients had spasticity of upper limb muscles,which scored grade 2 to 3 with the Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS) ,and decreased elbow joint range of motion.The 16 patients in the BTXA group received BTXA injection in the biceps brachii muscles and flexor muscles of forearm on 10～15 points,while those in the control group did not.All the patients in both groups were treated with rehabilitation training techniques.The MAS,Fugl-Meyer upper limb function assessment and Barthel In- dex were employed to evaluate the changes of muscle tone,upper limb function and activity of living (ADL)perform- ance of the patients before injection and at 1st,2nd,6th 12th weeks after injection.Results The therapeutic effect between the BTXA group anti control group was significantly different in terms of biceps muscle tone,the scores of Fugl-Meyer upper limb function assessment and Barthel Index.Compared with preinjection,muscle tone was de- creased significantly and ADL performance was improved after injection in BTXA group.The effects of BTXA lasted more than 12 weeks.Conclusion Intramuscular muhipoint injection of BTXA was useful in reducing muscle spas- ticity,and was helpful for increasing motor ability of the affected upper limb and ADL performance of the stroke pa- tients.

A two-step method for the purification of blocking-type anti-human CD80 monoclonal antibody 4E5 from mouse ascites was developed using anion exchange and gel filtration in combination. The ascites was first purified by anion exchange after centrifugation and filtration. The experimental parameters of sample loading and elution were optimized. The optimized loading condition was pH 8.0,50 mmol/L Tris-HCl and satisfactory results were obtained using a 0~0.5mol/L NaCl step elution. The fraction containing the protein of interest was directly loaded on gel filtration column and eluted using a 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer at pH 7.2. The purity of the obtained monoclonal antibody was up to 95% with a recovery of 61%. The purity of mAb could efficiently inhibit the growth of Daudi cells. The amplification of the method was also studied using a Bio-Scale Q5 column and the result was satisfied.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis of 24 cases of primary ureteral cancer treated from January 1990 to March 2005 was performed.The diagnostic value of ultrasound,IVU,CT,MRU and the patients' outcomes were reviewed. There were 19 males and 5 females aged 38-72 years(mean,59 years).The tumors were on the left side in 16 cases and on the right in 8.Of the 24 cases,17(71%)had gross hematuria and 7(29%)had micro- scopic hematuria.Urine cytology was performed in 16 cases with a positive rate of 6.3%.B-ultrasonic exami- nation showed hydronephrosis in 19 cases(79%)and low-echo space-occupying disease of middle-inferior ureter in 3(12%).IVU demonstrated hydronephrosis in 20 cases(83%)and filling defect of the diseased ureter in 3(12%).Retrograde pyelography showed filling defect of the diseased ureter in 16(76%)of 21 cases(5 cases had failure of intubation).CT scan was performed in 20 cases,indicating thickening of the ureteral wall and infiltration of the cancer in 14(70%).In 3 cases who had undergone spiral CT thin layer scan and 1 of 3 cases who had undergone MRU,the definite diagnosis was made.Results All the 24 pa- tients underwent surgical treatment.Among them,nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff or partial resection were performed in 18 cases,and nephrectomy and partial ureterectomy in 6 cases.Postoperative pathology showed transitional cell carcinoma in 23 cases,and adenoma in 1.Of the 14 cases during 1990-1999 peri- od,1,5,3,2,2 and 1 cases had survival time of 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 years,respectively.Of the 10 cases during 2000-2005 period,3 were lost to follow-up;2 survived for 3 years and 2,for 1 year;the other 3 who have survived near 5 years have been followed till now.Conclusions IVU and retrograde urography are the most common diagnostic measures for primary ureteral cancer.They can be used in combination with other imaging study to reduce missed diagnosis rate.The 5-year survival rate was lower because of late pathologic stage of the tumors in the patients of this series.

Objective To establish a method for isolation and cultivation of human invasive pituitary adenoma-derived fibroblast in vitro and explore their biological properties in order to investigate the role of the fibroblasts in the invasive growth of the pituitary adenoma.Methods The fibroblasts were isolated from hu- man invasive pituitary adenoma tissue by different rate of adhesion.Primary culture and passage culture were carried out,and growth characteristics of fibroblasts were observed under phase-contrast microscope in primary and passage culture.Immunohistochemical technique was used to identify the fibroblasts.The cell growth curve was measured by MTT method.The ultrastructure was observed under electronmicroscope.Results The cultured invasive pituitary adenoma-derived fibroblasts showed active proliferative ability.The cell bodies was bigger than other tissue fibroblasts,and the cell shape was irregular.The rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and ribosome were profuse in the cytoplasm.The positive expression rate of collagen[and vi- mentin of the fibroblasts were above 95%.Conclusion The method of different rate of adhesion is success- fully utilized to culture human invasive pituitary adenoma-derived fibroblasts.These cells showed active prolif- erative ability,and maybe have an importent function in the invasive growth of the pituitary adenoma.