OBJECTIVE: To analyze Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) of herbal medicines in European Union(EU) und-er The Directive 2004/24/EC and to provide thoughts for the export of traditional Chinese medicines(TCM).METHODS: TheTBT set by European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) was discussed from aspects of the simplification of restrictions on application, technical standard specifications and authentication system, and documents for registration etc, and some suggestions for the export of TCM were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Firstly, Chinese government should strengthen the communication and cooperation with European governments. Secondly, more advanced TCM quality specification should be set up. Thirdly we need to seek for support through multinational investment. Finally we should set up some information consultancy agents and to get access to information related to TBT.

Dry eye is a most common external eye disease in clinic and it can cause ocular discomfort and visual disturbance. The conventional examinations for dry eye have some shortcomings, for example, high variability and insufficient association with symptoms. Recently, routine ophthalmic technologies play more extending roles in evaluation of dry eye, including corneal topography, wavefront aberrometer, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscope. Corneal topography and wavefront aberrometer could be used to evaluate the stability of tear film and visual function. OCT could image tear meniscus directly, and confocal microscope could observe histopathology of ocular surface in vivo. The studies on ophthalmic technologies in dry eye make us deepen the understanding of pathophysiology of dry eye and also provide new diagnostic approaches.

China ; Hepatitis A ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunization ; methods

Differential display-PCR was used to clone the differential expressed genes between Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence strain H37Rv and its avirulent mutant H37Ra. All of different genes were cloned, sequenced and some were analyzed by Northern-blotting. Two cDNAs that appeared to be expressed in H37Rv, but not in H37Ra, were cloned and sequenced. Rv0170, and Rv1894c, code for proteins with unknown functions. The two gene were present in H37Ra, but not expressed. These results show that mRNA DD methodology can represent a potential tool for investigation of M. tuberculosis gene expression.

green light(480 nm).

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of fentanyl on GABAA receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of rat.Methods Pyramidal neurons were acutely isolated from 3-10 day old SD rats of either sex by enzymatic-mechanic method. GABAA receptor mediated currents ( IGABA) were recorded using voltage clamped whole cell patch clamp technique in gap-free mode at the holding potential (VH) of - 50 mV. Current-voltage relationship of IGABA was obtained in ramp protocol ranging from + 30 mV to - 110 mV and lasting for 1 600 ms. Data were collected by using a system consisting of Axopatch 200B patch-clamp amplifier, Pentium Ⅲ computer and Digidata 1200 interface. All experiments were performed at room temperature (22-25℃). Five to twelve neurons were used for each fentanyl concentration. The effects of fentanyl from 1.0 ? 10-5 ?mol?L-1 to 10. 0 ?mol?L-1 were evaluated by the inhibition rate of the peak amplitude of IGABA, the desensitization time constant (?des) of IGABA and the reversal potential (Ecl- ) of IGABA. A ?-opioid receptor selective antagonist CTAP 1 ?mol?L-1 was applied and its effects on fentanyl were recorded. Results (1) GAB A 1-1 000 ?mol?L-1 induced inward currents (IGABA) dose-dependently with an EC50 of 23.73 ?mol?L-1.IGABA induced by GABA 30 ?mol?L-1 was blocked by bicuculline 1 ?mol?L-1. (2) Fentanyl depressed IGABA dose-dependently with EC50 of 0.011 ?mol?L-1 and shortened the rdes of IGABA.(3) The inhibitory effects of fentanyl on IGABA were antagonized by CTAP. (4) Fentanyl 0.01 ?mol?L-1 and CTAP did not influence the reversal potential of IGABA (Ecl- -3.0 mV) .Conclusion Fentanyl inhibits the function of GABAA receptors through ?-opioid receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus may play a role in the neuroexcitatory effects of opioids.

Objective To explore the correlations between the levels of serum 25 ( OH) D and age, blood sugar, blood lipid, blood pressure and insulin levels in patients with subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy . Methods A total of 100 patientswith subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy ( SAE) and 50 healthy persons were enrolled in the study.ELISA was adopted to determine serum 25(OH)D levels in two groups.Meantime, fasting glu-cose, blood lipid, blood pressure and insulin levels were measured and compared between two groups .Results The systolic blood pressure , diastolic blood pressure , fasting glucose , total cholesterol and insulin levels in SAE patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy control (p<0.05).The serum 25(OH)D levels in SAE patients were significantly lower than that in the healthy control (p<0.01).There were no significant differences in triglycer-ide and lipoprotein between two groups (p>0.05).The serum 25(OH)D levelswere negatively related with age, SBP, DBP and fasting glucose(p<0.05,p<0.01) but not correlative with TC, TG, LDL, HDL, and insulin levels in SAE patients.Conclusion The serum 25(OH)D levels in SAE patients are reducedby playing a regulative role in the occurrence and development of SAE throughaffectingthe energy metabolism .

[ Objective ] To observe the effect of relaxing operation with small needle knife and acupoint injection of Compound Osteotide Injection (COI) for suprascapular nerve compression syndrome (SNCS) . [Methods] Two hundred and twenty cases of SNCS were randomized to three groups: group A ( re = 120) was treated with small needle knife for relaxation and acupoint injection of COI, group B ( n = 50) with small needle knife for relaxation and group C ( re = 50) with acupoint injection of COI. The short-term and long-term effects were compared in the three groups. [Results] Total effective rate was 98.3% in group A, 88.0% in group B and 74.0% in group C ( P

Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Respiratory Protective Devices ; classification ; standards ; utilization ; United States

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Ear Auricle ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; surgery ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Skin Transplantation ; Surgical Flaps ; Young Adult