Objective To find out the demands of critical patients' families about assurance scale and the cognition of the nurses to families' need in Emergency. Methods By Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI), 100 family members of patients in Emergency Resuscitation Room / Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU) and 100 emergency nurses were surveyed. Results Among the 7 indexes, the differences of 4 indexes had no obviously statistical meaning in the family members' needs for AS and the nurses' congnition for AS (P>0.05). The 3 indexes, e. g. , truly answering the family members' questions, knowing the situation of disease change and feeling the hopeful improvement of disease, had significantly statistical meanings (P< 0.05). Conclusions Emergency nurses can meet the majority need of the families of critical patients, but there still exist some questions that need to be improved and advanced.

Objective To learn and analyze the patients' circulation of blood fluctuating rules in 24 hours after receiving the liver transplantation, conclude the policies of the circulation of blood monitor and nursing, and offer the basement for the clinical nursing program of liver transplanting. Methods Using the multifunctional electrocardiograph to observe the hver-transplanted ICU patients' heart rate , blood pressure and center venous pressure in the time points below: before operation, turning back ICU immediately and 2、6、12、 24、20、24 hours, and make the statistical analysis. Results The patients' heart rate ascend greatly after entering ICU 24 hours( P < 0. 01 ). When turning back ICU, their blood pressure had no greatly different (P > 0. 05). After 2 hours,the blood pressure become to distinct greatly until 24 hours. Center venous pressure had no statistical difference( P >0.05). Conclusions The liver-transplanted patients' circulation of blood changes greatly after operation. To avoid damage, we should strengthen the temperature monitor, and standardize the patient nursing management.

Objective To investigate the linear relationship between invasive blood pressure and noninvasive blood pressure,providing references for clinical blood pressure monitoring.Methods Totals of 32 ICU patients were chosen,and their invasive blood pressure and non-invasive blood pressure were monitored at the same time by self-reflection methods.The data were collected and compared,and linear correlation was analyzed.Results Totals of 98 pairs of valid date were collected.The invasive systolic and diastolic blood pressure were respectively (146.93 ± 21.426) and (71.32 ± 13.152) mm Hg,higher than the non-invasive systolic and diastolic blood pressure which were (124.02 ± 19.417) and (68.86 ± 15.251) mm Hg,and the differences were statistically significant (t =15.301,3.363,respectively; P ＜0.05).And there was a linear relation between invasive blood pressure and non-invasive blood pressure (r =0.880,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There is statistically significant difference between invasive blood pressure and non-invasive blood pressure,which are not substitutable for each other.And non-invasive blood pressure monitoring values can be used to deduce and calculate the invasive blood pressure monitoring values.

Objective To improve the patients' satisfaction to the nursing work through implementing the humanistic concern in nursing work. Methods We held some activities to provide the humanistic concern in nursing work, developed the educations to improve the professional quality of the nurses, constructed the criterion of civilized srvice, and strengthened the construction of nursing culture in the service demonstration ward. Meanwhile, we intensified the service ideas to create the harmonious patient-nurse relationships, the harmonious working settings, the harmonious treatment surroundings and the harmonious humanistic environment. Results The whole quality of the nurses was improved. especially the consciousness of active service. The relationship between nurses and patients was more harmonious, and the nursing quality and the degree of patients' satisfaction were elevated. Conclusions to implement the humanistic concern in nursing work is not only the base of building the harmonious relationships between patients and nurses. but also the guarantee of elevating the nursing quality and the degree of patients' satisfaction.

BACKGROUNDA patented remote controlled capsule (RCC) has recently been developed to provide noninvasive drug delivery to selected sites in the human gut that allows assessment of regional gastrointestinal (GI) drug absorption under a normal physiological environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the rate and extent of aminophylline absorption after site-specific delivery of the drug in the GI tract using RCC and a magnetic marker monitoring (MMM) technique.

METHODSThis study was conducted in twelve healthy male subjects, in a three-treatment, randomized, crossover manner with a 7-day washout. Eligible subjects received a 150 mg aminophylline dose through an oral administration, or via a remote controlled capsule, delivered to the small bowel or ascending colon. MMM was employed to monitor the GI transit of the RCC, and the radio-frequency signal was used to activate capsules at target sites. Blood samples were obtained at regular intervals until 24 hours post dose/activation. Plasma theophylline concentrations were measured by a TDx System Analyzer. A comparison of the PK profile with the oral dosing route of aminophylline was performed after delivery to the small bowel and colon.

RESULTSThe RCC was well tolerated in volunteers. The mean capsule activation time for the small bowel and ascending colon was 2.07 hours and 6.08 hours post dose. Aminophylline had similar absorption profiles from the small bowel compared with the stomach, with an area under the curve (AUC(t)) ratio of 92% vs. the stomach, but a lower absorption profile from the ascending colon, with an AUC(t) ratio of 47.2% vs. the stomach.

CONCLUSIONSThe proprietary of the RCC and MMM technique offer the opportunity to obtain data on the intestinal absorption of a drug in humans under noninvasive conditions. Aminophylline is rapidly and efficiently absorbed from the small bowel. While colonic absorption was limited by the poor water condition although effective absorption was observed from the ascending colon. This provides an opportunity for rational development of modified-release formulations as well as alternative dosage forms.

Adult ; Aminophylline ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Capsules ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Colon ; metabolism ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; metabolism ; Male ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEMassive hemorrhage is life-threatening during armed conflicts. Tourniquets are important medical devices used to reduce severe bleeding in trauma. The aim of this study was to empirically evaluate the current tourniquets used in China and provide information to emergency nurses in selecting the appropriate tourniquet.

METHODSFive tourniquets were self-applied by 20 healthy participants. The blood flow distal to the tourniquet site was assessed using vascular Doppler ultrasound. Application time, pain, numbness, and other parameters were evaluated.

RESULTSThe bladder tourniquet and windlass tourniquet effectively occluded arterial blood flow with success rates higher than 75% in both the upper and lower extremities. The Cargo-strap was the fastest to apply, taking (7.22+/-2.30) s for the upper extremity and (6.48+/-2.40) s for the lower extremity. The rubber tube was the most painful, and the improvised tourniquet was the least efficient. The success rates were higher in the lower extremity than in the upper extremity (P less than 0.05, X(2) equal to 5.714).

CONCLUSIONSThe bladder tourniquet and the windlass tourniquet are efficient tourniquets, although the windlass is superior with respect to portability and pain. The Cargo-strap and rubber tourniquets have several disadvantages that reduce their suitability for field use. The improvised tourniquet is not recommended because of low efficiency and severe pain during implementation.

Adult ; China ; Emergency Medical Services ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Tourniquets

OBJECTIVETo study the role of Bcl-2 and Bax protein contents and their gene expression in Al-induced neurons apoptosis.

METHODSNeurons from 0 - 3 day rats were cultured and treated with different concentrations of AlCl(3 x 6) H2O. The cell apoptosis was observed by the TUNEL method and under the scan electron microscope. Bcl-2 and Bax protein contents were detected by the immunochemistry method while their gene expressions were measured by the RT-PCR method.

RESULTS(1) DNA fractions in the TUNEL method increased with the rising aluminum concentration. Blebbings and apoptosis bodies on the surface of the neurons were clearly observed under the scan electron microscope. (2) Bcl-2 protein contents and their gene expression decreased with the rising aluminum concentration (P < 0.01, r = -0.695; P < 0.05, r = -0.647), while Bax increased at the same time (P < 0.01, r = 0.676; P < 0.01, r = 0.794), the value of Bcl-2/Bax was related with the aluminum concentration (P < 0.01, r = -0.655; P < 0.01, r = -0.777).

CONCLUSIONThe aluminum may induce neurons apoptosis. Bcl-2 and Bax protein contents and their gene expression may play an important role in Al-induced apoptosis.

Aluminum ; toxicity ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gene Expression ; drug effects ; Neurons ; cytology ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; biosynthesis ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of adiponectin on hepatocyte steatosis.

METHODSL02 cells were transfected with pEGFP-N1-AdipoQ, a plasmid encoding pEGFP-adiponectin fusion protein, or pEGFP-N1. Lipid droplets in the hepatocytes were observed by oil red staining at 72 h. The contents of TG, FFA and glycerol in hepatocytes were measured.

RESULTSCompared to cells transfected with pEGFP-N1-AdipoQ plasmid, much more lipid droplets were observed in cells transfected with pEGFP-N1 plasmid. TG, FFA and glycerol contents in L02 cells and L02/pEGFP-N1 cells were significantly higher than those in L02/pEGFP-N1-AdipoQ cells.

CONCLUSIONSOverexpression of adiponectin prevent hepatocyte steatosis.

Adiponectin ; genetics ; Cell Line ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; analysis ; Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Glycerol ; analysis ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Plasmids ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; Transfection ; Triglycerides ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo establish the theories and methods to determine solubility parameters of multiple components for the traditional Chinese material medica (TCMM) with HPLC.

METHODThe mathematical expresses to determin the solubility parameters were established according to chromatographic and Hildebrand-Scatchard theories, The HPLC experiments were carried out at 40 degrees C on an Alltech Apollo C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted with acetone and water in gradient mode. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1), and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The injection volume was 1 0 microL.

RESULTThe mathematical expresses between the retention time and the solubility parameters were established and used to determin caffeine solubility parameter as 28.31 J(1/2) cm(-3/2) in accordance with 28.84 J(1/2) cm(-3/2) reported by literature, and those of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, physcione as 39.70 J(1/2) cm(-3/2), 39.08 J(1/2) cm(-3/2), 38.37 J(1/2) cm(-3/2), 36.42 J(1/2) cm(-3/2) respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe retention time of HPLC can be used to determine the solubility parameters of multiple componets. The established method is useful for the compatibility rule study of traditional Chinese medicine.

Anthraquinones ; chemistry ; Caffeine ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Emodin ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; Models, Chemical ; Regression Analysis ; Solubility ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of methylprednisolone (MP) and cyclophosphamide (CPA) intermittent intravenous pulse therapy and the clinical prognosis in children with severe juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JOSLE).

METHODSThirty patients with JOSLE, diagnosed by clinical, laboratory or renal histological examinations, were enrolled in this study. Of the 30 patients, 27 were females and 3 were males, the mean age was (12 +/- 3) years, and 20 of the 22 patients who had undergone initial therapy had LN, and the clinical courses before being involved in the study were 3 to 12 months in nine patients. Twenty-three of the 30 patients had clinical manifestations of renal damages, of whom 4 patients were proven by initial renal biopsy to have WHO type IV, 2 had type II,1 had type V and 1 had type III, and 7 patients had one or more manifestations of central nervous system, including chorea, seizures, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and organic brain syndrome (OBS), simultaneously, 9 patients had nervous system symptoms without the clinical manifestations of renal damages, 3 patients had lupus crisis, 7 patients did not have any manifestations of renal or neurological damages. According to the protocol of the therapy, the patients were divided into 3 groups: group A (n = 18) patients were treated with MP plus CPA intermittent intravenous pulse for children with lupus nephritis, and with or without neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus (NPLE), group B (n = 7) with pulsed doses of MP, followed by prednisone and tripterygium wilfordii hook f(T(whf)) for patients without renal or central nerves system damage, and group C (n = 5) with prednisone alone for patients with LN determined by clinical and laboratory features. The effects of those regimes and the clinical prognosis were observed.

RESULTSOn short-term follow-up, the SLEDAI-2K (by weight of the renal damage) showed significant difference between group A and group B, but there was no significant difference at the 9th months of the therapy. The long-term follow-up lasted in average for (37.2 +/- 24.8) months. Nineteen patients were followed up for more than 18 months. At the end of follow-up, the mean age was 14 to 19 years. There was no difference on the effect of both group A and group B, and no frequent infections were seen, ANAs were negative and SLEDAI-2K = 0-point in two patients of each group 12 months after discontinuation of the therapy. Four patients in group C died within 18 months.

CONCLUSIONThe immunosuppressive regimen MP + CPA in patients with severe JOSLE and MP + prednisone + T(whf) in patients without major organs damage were superior to the regimen of prednisone alone.

Adolescent ; Child ; Cyclophosphamide ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glucocorticoids ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Male ; Methylprednisolone ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Pulse Therapy, Drug ; Treatment Outcome