The study was conducted at commune health care stations in 10 provinces of 7 ecological areas of Vietnam. Results showed that: the accessibility of health care service hasn't meet the demand, the health care service provision and use for women in the rural communes has many limits, there has been the obvious gender inequality in health expenditures, the essential reproductive health care for women in rural communes is insufficient and under the National standards. It is necessary to enhance the quality of health care service in general, reproductive health care for women at reproductive age in rural areas in particular, complete research methodology on health care service accessibility and use in the public
Delivery of Health Care ; Rural Health ; Women

Background: In a chemical war during 1961-1971, about 94,000 tons of the herbicides were sprayed over Southern Viet Nam.A main component of the herbicides is dioxin that is very harmful to humans. There are many studies focusing on people\u2019s health due to exposure to dioxin residuals. Objective: To investigate the health issues related to exposure to dioxin residuals. Subjects and method: A retrospective comprehensive survey performed on 4018 people in Cam Chinh commune, Cam Lo district, Quang Tri province and compared with 3987 people in Cam Phuc commune, Cam Xuyen district, Ha Tinh province (controls) based on epidemiological interviews. Results: The morbidity was higher at 6.4% in the herbicides-applied area than in the herbicides-non applied area. In herbicides-applied area, there was a high risk of diseases such as bone connective, genitourinary, blood endocrine system, skin and infectious diseases. Factors such as age, sex, familiar income, drinking, smoking and agricultural chemical usage contributed towards the health of the affected population.Conclusions: Agent orange/dioxin pollutions still have the potential to be hazardous to human health in the herbicides-applied areas.
Dioxin ; agent orange ; disease

Background: Dioxin affects nervous system via the system of nervous communicative hormones and endocrine hormones, causing disorders and nervous behavior wrongs. Reproductive health is one of the serious effects of exposing Agent Organe/Dioxin. Objectives: To evaluate the birth defects of the nervous system of children, from the generation of veterans exposed to Agent Orange/Dioxin during wartime and to assess congenital nervous defects related factors, characteristics in these subjects. Subject and methods: A retrospective cohort, interview and examine 12.369 exposed and 7.659 unexposed Hanoi veterans, their birth defective children were examined by the pediatrics. During the 2002-2003 timescale. Results: A statistically high significant rate of reproductive failures and birth defects for exposed veterans, compared to unexposed ones, spontaneous abortion with relative risk RR = 4.18, hydatidiform mole with RR = 3.0, still births with RR = 2.2, birth defects with RR = 2.12. Nervous birth defects were highest; representing more than 40% of live births; the relative risk of the exposed group is 2.3 fold higher than the unexposed group, with p < 0.01. The birth defects increased significantly: mild mental retardation with RR = 3.5, severe mental retardation with RR = 3.5, Down's syndrome with RR = 2.16. Conclusions: Nervous birth defects of children of the Hanoi veterans exposed to Agent Orange during wartime accounted for the highest rate. Congenital nervous defects in male were higher than female. Exposed time, exposed levels and direct exposure to Agent Orange were significant related factors in this study. The increase of birth defects was in correlation with exposed levels.
congenital nervous defects ; birth defects ; veterans

In the period from 1995 to 1997, this simple method was performed at the Institute of Mothers and Neonates Protection and Care in 107 female subjects to investigate the endocrinological function. The method is preferable in the early stage of menstrual cycle, especially for retrospective diagnosis to check the response to the treatment.
Menstrual cycle ; Biopsy

23 patients with mitral stenosid with or without mild mitral open, ages of 23-50 (male: 10) received an operation. As the results of direct measurement of pulmonary arterial pressure and left atrial pressure in an operation have shown that the pulmonary arterial pressure was direct correlated before and after operation(r= 0.572 before operation; r=0.65 after operation).These parameters were reduced significantly and rapidly after operation when comparing with these before operation.
Evaluation Studies ; Thoracic Surgery ; Mitral Valve Stenosis

23 patients (10 males, 13 females) with mitral stenosis aged from 23-50 years of old (mean 37.5 years) were enrolled in the study. Valvular opening area ranged from 0.7cm2 to 1.2cm2. 5 patients have mitral stenosis alone. 18 patients have mitral stenosis with insufficiency grade I, II. 14 patients have sinus rhythm and 98 patients have atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary artery pressure ranged 25mmHg to 45mmHg when measuring directly. There was closed positive correlation between pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular pressure with r= 0.509 for pre-operation and 0.548 for post-operation. After valve detachment, both pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular pressure decreased rapidly and dramatically in comparison with prior detachment with p = 0.01.
Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Ventricular Pressure

A study was carried out on the 23 patients (male:10, female: 13) with the mitral stenosid with merely close or combination with the mild mitral open (grade III), ages of 23-50 indicated an operation for seperation of close valve in the Army Central hospital 108 during 1/1998 to 10/1999 in which there were 5 patients with the mitral stenosid, 18 patients with the mitral stenosid in combination with the mitral open grade I, II, 14 patients with the atrial rhythm, 9 patients with atrial fibrillation. The atrial pressure reduced from 15-67 mmHg to 15-45 mmHg. There was a direct proportional between the left atrial and right ventricular pressures
Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Ventricular Pressure ; surgery

Both of alpha-chymotrypsin and papain were active in hydrolysis of proteins by temperature, acid and alkali proteins. Alpha-chymotrypsin hydrolysed protein better than papain. They were effective in digestion of mouse protein in inflamed tissue by Kaolin, Dextran and Formal in different level according this increasing order: Kaolin < Dextran < Formal. -chymotrypsin was better than papaine in hydrolysis of protein in inflamed tissue. Therefore, we can explain the anti inflammatory characters of those enzymes.
Chymotrypsin ; Papain

Tympanoplasty by underlay technique is one of different methods for treating of chronic Otitis Media. Temporal muscle fascia is chosen material for the tempanic graft with good result. The surgeons can choose many methods and grafts and the results do not depend on the methods but on the skill of surgeons. 119 cases of tympanoplasty is reported, of which 83% is good results.Taking out carefully of the reformed mucosa in the middle ear plays an important role in the results
Tympanoplasty ; therapeutics ; ear

119 isolates of Shigella with multi-drug resistant (100 Shigella flexneri) to chloramphenicol (Cm), ampicillin (Ap), tetracyclin (Te), trimethoprim (Tr), sulfamethoxazole (Su) from Northern, Central and Southern regions of Viet Nam during a period of 1995-1997 were investigated for the ability to transfer gene trains by method of conjugation. 59.2% strains were transferable in vitro to E.coli K12 with frequence from 10-7 to 10-5 (65.8% strains from Northern, 54.8% strains from Central and 57.5% strains from Southern regions). Almost all the antibiotic resistance genes were transfered with 10 different patterns of resistance; Ap, Tr, Su being the most frequent patters: 45.7% strains fro Northern, 30.8% strains from Southern and 25.6% strains from Central regions.
Drug Resistance ; shigella