Objective:To optimize the extraction process of Guilong cataplasm .Methods:The yield of volatile oil was used as the index to optimize the volatile oil extraction technology by single factor tests. The yield of dry extract and the content of aconitine were used as the indices to optimize the water extraction technology by single factor tests and orthogonal test .Results:The optimal extraction conditions of volatile oil were as follows:the soaking time was 1h with 8-fold volume of water , and the extraction time was 6 hours.The optimal water extraction conditions were as follows:using 8-fold volume of water extracted for 3 times with 1 h for each time .Conclu-sion:The extraction process is simple , reasonable and reproducible ,which is suitable for the next research of Guilong cataplasm .

The changes of lipid peroxidation in the ischemic (renal artery occlusion for 75 min) and ischemie/reperfusion (renal artery occlusion 60 min plus 15 min reflow) kidney was studied in 19 male SD rats. The results showed that malondialdehydc of renal cortex and medulla was increased, but in both groups SOD and GSH-Px were not changed significantly. Activity of xanthine oxidase activity in the ischemic/reperfusion kidney were increased as compared with normal. These results suggest that lipid pcroxidation was involved in the ischemic and ischemic/reperfusion renal injury, and xanthine-xanthine oxidase might be one of the major sources of oxygen free radical when oxygen supply to ischemic kidney was restored.

Objective To compare the prediction probability (Pk) of loss of consciousness (LOC) for the four EEG nonlinear indexes-correlation dimension ( D2), approximate entropy (ApEn) complexity (Cx) and bispectral index (BIS) and their relative accuracy. Methods Twenty ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients aged 22-71 undergoing elective operation on lower limb under epidural anesthesia were studied. The patients were unpremedicated. Epidural catheter was placed at L2,3 or L3,4 interspace. The block height was 95% . Sedation was produced by target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol. The target plasma concentration of propofol (Cp) was initially set at 0.5 ?g?ml-1. Cp was gradually increased in increments of 0.3-0.5 ?g?ml-1 every 3 min until LOC. Depth of sedation was assessed using OAA/S scale (5 = alert, 1 = LOC) . LOC was maintained for 12 min. Cp was equal to effect-site concentration (Ce) by the end of 12 minutes. Cp was then gradually decreased in increments of 0.3-0.5 ?g?ml-1 until the patients regained consciousness. The same procedure was repeated 4 times in every patient. BIS, D2 , ApEn and Cx were recorded simultaneously every 3 min. The prediction probability of LOC for D2, ApEn, Cx and BIS was calculated and compared.Results The BIS value was 80.2?6.2 when the patients regained consciousness (T1) and 67.3?7.9 at LOC (T2); D2 was 3.45?0.18 (T1) and3.01?0.16 (T2); ApEn was 0.84?0.05 (T1) and 0.71?0.06 (T2); Cx was 0.55?0.05 (T1) and 0.44?0.05. There was no significant difference in Pk of LOC among the 4 indexes. Conclusion Our results show that all the 4 indexes can be used to monitor the level of sedation produced by propofol.

Objective To investigate the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC)and to analyze the relationship between them. Methods The specimens of colonic mucosa from 32 UC patients were graded according to endoscopic and histological grading standards, and specimens of colonic mucosa from 26 healthy controls were also collected. The expressions of COX-2 and 5-LOX mRNA and protein in colonic mucosa were determined using real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The correlation between COX-2 and 5-LOX was analyzed. Results For UC patients,10 were class 1, 19 class 2 and 3 class 3 according to endoscopic grading, whereas 19 were class Ⅰ , 9 class Ⅱ and 4 class Ⅲ according to histological grading. The expressions of COX-2 and 5-LOX mRNA in active UC patients were 81. 25% and 53.13%, respectively, and were 11.54% and 19. 23% in healthy controls, respectively, with significant differences between the two groups (all P values＜0.01). The positive expressions of COX2 and 5-LOX increased in accordance with increasing of endoscopic grading and histological grading.The levels of COX-2 and 5-LOX were 20. 08±1.17 and 37.83 ±1.48 in colonic mucosa tissues of UC patients, respectively, and 48.42 ± 1.69 and 11.28 ± 1.62 in healthy controls, respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (all P values＜0.05). A good positive correlation was found between COX-2 and 5-LOX. Conclusions The expressions of COX-2 is closely related to 5-LOX in UC patients. Both may play a pivotal role in inflammation of UC.

Objective To analyze the bispectral index (BIS) and the EEG nonlinear index (including Correlation dimension, D2; Approximate entropy, ApEn; Complexity, Cx.) during alternating periods of consciousness and unconsciousness produced by target-controlled infusions (TCI) of propofol. Methods We studied twenty patients (ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ grades) undergoing the elected leg operations under epidural anesthesia. With TCI consciousness of the patient was controlled by an increase or decrease of concentration of propofol in a range of 0.3～0.5?g/ml for four times. Every target plasma concentration of propofol lasted 12 minutes. BIS, D2, ApEn and Cx were recorded simultaneously during the periods of consciousness and unconsciousness every 3 minutes. Results During consciousness and unconsciousness, the respective mean values for the four measurements were: BIS, 80.2?6.2 and 67.3?7.9; D2, 3.45?0.18 and 3.01?0.16; ApEn, 0.84?0.05 and 0.71?0.06; Cx, 0.55?0.05 and 0.44?0.05. Determined threshold values with 100% specificity during the state of unconsciousness were: BIS, 51 (sensitivity3.8%); D2, 2.90 (sensitivity 30.3%); ApEn, 0.69 (sensitivity42.3%); Cx, 0.41 (sensitivity 25.5%). Conclusion BIS, D2, ApEn and Cx can all reflect the change in consciousness and unconsciousness produced by TCI of propofol. Our findings suggest that of the four EEG variables, ApEn was best in identifying the transition from unconsciousness to consciousness.

Taking the medical education of UCLA Medical School as an example, this paper com-pares the differences of medical education between Chinese and the United States medical schools . US medical education features students from undergraduate students, the organ system-oriented curriculum, diversified teaching methods with emphasis on the PBL one and diversified academic assessment, under-graduate-based teachers' allocation and training objectives for excellent clinical physicians. From the expe-rience of American medical education, our country should focus on optimizing the teaching system, updat-ing the teaching ideas, diversifying the teaching methods, promoting students' initiative, strengthening clinical probation, strengthening students' clinical skills, improving the construction of teaching facilities and network, and enhancing the humanistic quality education and the overall quality of teachers.

Objective To investigate the effect of health education on the willingness and knowledge about cervical examinations among fertile women.Methods Eight hundred fertile women visiting our hospitals for cervical examinations during January 2006 and December 2009 were managed with health education.Their willingness and knowledge about cervical examinations after the health education were compared with those before the education.Results The rate of willingness to take cervical examinations after the health education was significantly improved,compared to pre-health education(P<0.05).The scores on the knowledge about cervical cancer,impotence for health education,preventive method and regular cervical examinations after health education were all significantly improved compared to pre-education(all P<0.05).Conclusions Health education may significantly improve the willingness and knowledge about the cervical examinations among the fertile women.During health education,we should attach importance to the groups of high risks and adopt individualized and practical interventional strategies.

The present article introduced the standards of moldproof test and their application in detail, expatiated on the harmful effect of the mold on industrial materials or products and the requirements of selecting the experiment parameters, discussed the limitation of the standards for moldproof test used in China.

Objective To compare the performance of fourth generation HIV antigen/antibody combined detection reagents for HIV early infection samples,international HIV seroconversion panel samples and routine clinical screening samples.Methods Thirty seven early HIV infected samples from the followup gays in Shen Yang between 2009 and 2011,66 seroconversion panel samples from BBI company (U.S.A),NABI company(U.S.A) and NIBSC company(U.K) and 703 routine HIV screening samples in the first hospital of China medical university in October 2010 were collected.All kinds of samples were tested by three diagnostic reagents based on chemiluminescence assay (CLIA),electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively.The detection sensitivity and specificity of these assays were analyzed.Results For 59 early infected and seroconversion samples,the sensitivities of both ECLIA and CLIA reagent were 96.61％ (95％ CI 91.5％-100.0％),higher than that of the ELISA kit (95％ CI 75.0％-92.9％) (x2 =5.341,P ＜ 0.05),which is 83.93％ ; Comparison among the three reagents for different subtypes of the antibody seroconversion samples showed that ECLIA had the highest sensitivity while CLIA was the lowest ; Detection sensitivity of the three reagents for the P24 antigen is CLIA ＞ ECLIA ＞ ELISA; With detection of 703 clinical routine screening samples,the specificities of three reagents were 100％ (CLIA),99.86％ (ECLIA) and 99.71％ (ELISA) respectively.Conclusions For the sensitivity of the fourth HIV diagnostic reagents CLIA and ECLIA are better than ELISA.The former two reagents are more suitable for identifying earlier HIV infection in clinic.

? AlM: To compare the two methods for the measurement of glaucoma patients' intraocular pressure ( lOP) between Goldmann applanation tonometer ( GAT) and non-contact tonometer ( NCT) and find the laws of the two methods.?METHODS: The lOP of 108 glaucoma patients ( 206 eyes) were measured by GAT and NCT respectively.?RESULTS: ln 108 glaucoma patients, the average lOP of 206 eyes was 29. 77 ± 10. 27mmHg by GAT and 24. 59 ± 8. 58mmHg by NCT. There was significant difference between GAT and NCT (P<0. 01). The higher of lOP, the difference between GAT and NCT was greater.?CONCLUSlON: The measurement results with NCT were lower than that of GAT. The higher of lOP, the difference between GAT and NCT was greater. lt's better to measure lOP by GAT for the glaucoma patients, in order to avoid the misdiagnosis and mistreatment of glaucoma.