Background: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital cardiac diseases, accounting for 20%, and affects the left ventricular function. There is no study on the application of Tei index to evaluate left ventricular function in patients with VSD in Vietnam. Objective:To assess left ventricular function in ventricular septal defect by Tei index. Subject and Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study that involves 35 patients of VSD with an average age of 15.77+/-10.41 (A group: 19 patients of VSD with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAPs) < 40 mmHg and B group: 16 patients of VSD with PAPs>=40mmHg and control group: 30 normal volunteers). Results: Tei index for estimation of left ventricular function is higher in the VSD (0.50+/- 0.18) than the control (0.37 +/- 0.03) with p < 0.01, exponentially more in the VSD with PAPs >=40mmHg (0.64 +/- 0.15; p<0.01). Conclusion: Left ventricular function is worse in VSD patients in comparison to the healthy people.
Ventricular Septal Defect ; Tissue Doppler ; Tei index

Objectives: The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has increased, particularly among individuals who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Health literacy is considered a “social vaccine” that helps people respond effectively to the pandemic. We aimed to investigate the association between long COVID-19 and PTSD, and to examine the modifying role of health literacy in this association. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 18 hospitals and health centers in Vietnamfrom December 2021 to October 2022. We recruited 4,463 individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 infection for at least 4 weeks. Participants provided information about their sociodemographics, clinical parameters, health-related behaviors, health literacy (usingthe 12-item short-form health literacy scale), long COVID-19 symptoms and PTSD (Impact Event Scale-Revised score of 33 or higher). Logistic regression models were used to examine associations and interactions. Results: Out of the study sample, 55.9% had long COVID-19 symptoms, and 49.6% had PTSD.Individuals with long COVID-19 symptoms had a higher likelihood of PTSD (odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63–2.12; p < 0.001). Higher health literacy was associated with a lower likelihood of PTSD (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97–0.99; p = 0.001). Compared to those without long COVID-19 symptoms and the lowest health literacy score, those with long COVID-19 symptoms and a 1-point health literacy increment had a 3% lower likelihood of PTSD (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96–0.99; p = 0.001). Conclusion Health literacy was found to be a protective factor against PTSD and modified the negative impact of long COVID-19 symptoms on PTSD.