Objective:To evaluate the shaping effects of multi-taper ProTaper combined with nickel-titanium(Ni-Ti) K file in simulated S-shaped canals. Methods:Thirty simulated S-shaped resinous canals were randomly divided into three groups and prepared with hand ProTaper, hand Ni-Ti K file, hand ProTaper combined with Ni-Ti K file respectively. The shaping effects were assessed by the amount of material removed from the inner and outer wall of canal as well as the width of canal after instrumentation. Results: The shaping files of ProTaper removed the least material in amount of materials from the same apical dimension. The finishing files of ProTaper removed the most amount of material at the inner side of curvature and outer side of apex. ProTaper combined with Ni-Ti K file removed the least material at the above parts and the widths of canals prepared were gradually decreased from the orifice to the apex. Conclusion:ProTaper combined with Ni-Ti K file exhibited good shaping effects in simulated S-shaped canals.

·Uveitis is an inflammation of any or all parts of the uveal tract including the iris, ciliary body and the choroid. Despite current advances in diagnosis and management, visual loss occurs in 35%-45% of patients with uveitis. The etiopathogenesis of uveitis remains unknown; it may be associated with environmental and immunogenetic factors. Many studies have demonstrated polymorphisms in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes may determine involvement in uveitis. Recently polymor-phisms in non-MHC genes, including cytokine and che-mokine genes, have been reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of uveitis. This article reviewed the advances in the studies on cytokine and chemokine gene polymorphisms associated with uveitis.

0.05). TNF-? in group EK and EKM was lower than that in group E (P0.05). Conclusions Ketamine can inhibit the release of TNF-? caused by LPS and increase myocardial cAMP level, protecting myocardium from sepsis. This may be one of the anti-septic shock mechanisms of ketamine. Combination of midazolam with ketamine does not affect the anti-septic shock property of ketamine.

Objective To investigate the inhibition of low-dose aprotinin on systematic inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Twenty-eight ASA Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients(male 13, female 15) undergoing valve replacement were studied. The age ranged from 27 to 55 years and body weight from 37 to 70 kg. CPB time ranged from 66 to 218 mm and aortic cross clamping time from 30 to 140 min . The patients were divided into two groups: control group(n=14) and aprotinin group(n = 14) Premedication included intramuscular phenobarbital sodium 0.1 g and scopolamine 0.3 mg. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous midazolam 0. lmg/kg, fentanyl 20-30?g/kg and vecuronium 0. 1-0. 12mg/kg, and maintained with intermittent bolus injection of fentanyl and vecuronium supplemented with isoflurane inhalation. In aprotinin group aprotinin 1?106KIU was infused after induction of anesthesia until thoracotomy, after thoracotomy aprotinin was infused at a rate of 2.5? 106 KIU/h and aprotinin 2. 5 ?106KIU was added to the prime fluid as suggested by Levy. Blood samples were obtained before anesthesia, before CPB and 1h and 24h after CPB for determination of CD11b and CD18 expression on the surface of neutrophil by immunofluoresence flow cytometry. Results The expression of CD11b or CD18 and CPB time were positively correlated(?= 0.644, 0.538, P0.05). 1 h after CPB CD11b/ CD18 expression increased significantly in the control group and was significantly higher than that in the aprotinin group, but at 24h after CPB only CD11b expression in control group was significantly higher than that in aprotinin group. In aprotinin group there was no significant difference in CD11b/CD18 expression between the four intervals.Conclusions CPB-induced systematic inflammatory response may be positively correlated with CPB time. Low dose aprotinin can inhibit the increase in CD11b/CD18 expression after CPB.

Objective In recent years , SIT has gradually become the main way for the treatment of allergic rhinitis .To con-trast the clinical efficacy of specific immune therapy for one year and two years of allergic rhinitis and discuss the appropriate mainte -nance treatment time of subcutaneous immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus . Methods Ninety-eight patients with al-lergic rhinitis to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were allocated to receive either treatment for one year (A group, n=46) or treatment for two years(B group, n=52).Nasal symptoms and medication scores of two groups were assessed to evaluate the clinical efficacy af -ter treatment respectively , and evaluate the quality of life of patients . Results There was no statistical significance in nasal symptom and medication scores between the two groups after one year treatment (7.00 ±1.08 vs 6.63 ±0.79, 1.50 ±0.51 vs 0.41 ±0.42, P>0.05).The quality of life in patients with decreased , but lack of statistical significance (345.00 ±31.89 vs 344.42 ±32.26, P>0.05).It presented statistical significance in nasal symptom and medication scores between the two groups after two years treatment (6.20 ±0.78 vs 4.29 ±0.64, 0.53 ±0.43 vs 0.21 ±0.34, P<0.05).The quality of life between patients also presented statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with A group, B group can significantly alleviate the symptoms of allergic rhinitis , so we think the optimal maintenance treatment time of specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis should be at least 2 years.

Objective To explore the association between the 5-HTR2A (-1438A/G)promoter region gene polymorphisms and unipolar depression and effcacy of antidepressant drugs in northwest Chinese Han population.Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the distributive frequency of serotonin 2A receptor promoter region polymorphisms of 136 unipolar depression patients( patient group) and 160 normal people tween the patient group and the control group.The frequency of AG,GG genotypes; and G allele in patients was phisms of 5-HT2AR promoter region were correlated with SSRIs treatment response(F= 6.317, P= 0.013 ).There was significant difference of the effective power at the end of week 2 ( x2 = 5.878, P= 0.015 ).The effective power of AA, AG genotype was much higher than that of GG genotype and the effective power in the group with AA genotype was higher than that with AG genotype( each 87.8% ,57.6% ,53.7% ).Conclusion The frequency of GG genotype of 5-HTR2A( 1348A/G)may be associated with episode of unipolar depression in northwest Chinese Han population and A allele may be correlated with well response to paroxetine.

AIM:To observe the neuritogenic actions of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A heavy chain ( BoNT/A HC) on cultured Neuro-2a cells and to investigate the related signaling mechanisms for the effect of BoNT /A HC. METHODS:Neuro-2a cells were treated with different doses of BoNT/A HC (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 nmol/L), and then the cells were harvested at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of BoNT/A HC exposure for detecting the neurite length and the percen-tage of the cells with neuronal processes by immunofluorescence staining .The most efficient dose of BoNT/A HC was cho-sen for exposure to Neuro-2a cells as the above.Whole cell protein was harvested at different time points for detecting the protein levels of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 ( p-ERK1/2 ) and phosphorylated Akt ( p-Akt ) by Western blot .RESULTS:Low doses of BoNT/A HC stimulated the neurite outgrowth , and increased the percentage of the cells with neurites com-pared with the negative controls (P<0.05), especially in the group with 1 nmol/L of BoNT/A HC treatment.Meanwhile, the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and Akt was increased after treated with BoNT/A HC.There was an increasing tendency for the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after the exposure of the cells to BoNT/A HC.The obvious increase in p-ERK1/2 was seen from 60 min to 5 h with 1 nmol/L of BoNT/A HC treatment ( P<0.05 ) , and the increased protein level of p-Akt was mainly observed at 15 min and 60 min ( P<0.05 ) .CONCLUSION: BoNT/A HC stimulates the neuritogenesis .The neuritogenic mechanism of BoNT/A HC on Neuro-2a cells might be realized by activation of the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and Akt.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the situation and the tendency of antihypertensive use in guangdong province.METHODS:The sales volume,defined daily use(DDDs)and daily expense of antihypertensive from2002to2004in guangdong province were investigated and analyzed.RESULTS:The sales volume of antihypertensive from2002to2004had been in?creasing.Calcium antagonist dominated over all other antihypertensives in respect of sales volume and DDDs.CONCLUSION:Calcium antagonist dominate in the antihypertensive market in guangdong province.

0.05), but there was significant difference between different-severitydepression with suicidal behavior (P

Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; World Health Organization