No abstract available.
Intracranial Aneurysm*

No abstract available.
Drainage* ; Lung Abscess* ; Lung* ; Pneumothorax* ; Suppuration*

Preoxygenation is a standard anesthetic technique which prevents significant hypoxemia during the induction of anesthesia. Complete oxygenation is especially important in clinical situations of difficult intubation or in patients with decreased FRC, and in siturations where oxygen saturation is critical. During the induction of anesthesia in children, airway obstruction and apnea are associated with rapid development of hypoxemia. The decreasing speed of oxyhemoglobin saturation was faster in smaller infants than bigger infants. The most important factor determining the speed with which hypoxemia develops in healthy children is probably the oxygen reserve contained in the lungs and its relation to the oxygen consumption of the child. With deaeasing age, the arterial oxygen consumption increases and the ratio of FRC to body weight decreases. Due to the anatomical structure of an infant's upper airway, it is more difficult to obtaine patient airway in infants than in children. During repeated atttempts to intubate the trachea or while waiting for recovery from laryngeal spasms hypoxia can occur easily resulting in visible cyanosis in infants. This study was carried out to measure the time permissible for apnea before occurance of hypoxia following full oxygenation. The subjects consisted of 6 randomly selected infants 1-2 month of age, 4.6+/-0.6 Kg of body weight with no abnormalities of cardiorespiratory functions. After the intramuscular injection of atropine, patients were anesthetized through mask using oxygen and halothane. SpO2 and pulse rates were recorded throughout the study. After the patients were intubated, a plug was placed on the distal end of the tube to induce obstructive apnea. As soon as SpO2 decreased to just below 90%, the patients were ventilated again. In 2 of the infants, the time required to obtaine 90% saturation was 60 seconds. Within less than 70 seconds, four out of 6 infants had SpO2 below 90% and SpO2 below 80% were noticed in 3 cases. After the reestablishment of ventilation, SpO2 returned to the preapneic value within 10 second in all subjects. There was no evidence of increasing pulse rate as SpO2 levels decreased. However, pulse rate decreased in all subjects thoughout the study. In summary, maximum time permissible for apnea in neonate and young infant is approximately one minute. Furthermore, tachycardia should not be used as a sign for the onset of hypoxia.
Airway Obstruction ; Anesthesia ; Anoxia ; Apnea* ; Atropine ; Body Weight ; Child ; Cyanosis ; Halothane ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Intubation ; Laryngismus ; Lung ; Masks ; Oxygen Consumption ; Oxygen* ; Oxyhemoglobins ; Tachycardia ; Trachea ; Ventilation

HPV infection has been implicated strongly in the pathogenesis of human squamous cell carcinoma(SCC). We analysed a series of 28 surgically removed, invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus by polymerase chain reaction to detect HPV DNA using consensus primers and 8 type-specific primers of HPV (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 51). HPV 6, 31, 35 or 51 DNA were detected in 20 out of 28 cases (71.4%) of the esophageal SCCs. HPV 51 was the most frequently detected type, occuring in 13 out of 28 cases (46.4%). p53 immunohistochemical staining was also performed to demonstrate any relationship to HPV DNA positivity. It showed positivity in 16 out of 28(57.1%) esophageal SCCs, and HPV DNA and p53 positivity were concurrently detected in 11 out of 28 cases of SCCs. There was no significant inverse relation between HPV DNA positivity and p53 expression(p>0.05). Our results supported HPV involvement in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and suggested there may be another pathway not related to the p53-binding pathway in the carcinogenesis of esophageal SCCs by HPV.
Humans

PURPOSE: Headache is a frequent symptom in pediatric practice, but the prevalence of chronic recurrent headache was estimated in several studies with wide variations, because of inadequate expression and differences in case definition in children. Headache classification of International Headache Society is usually used in adults, but the application of it to children is uncommon, so we tried to diagnosis children with headache by using International Headache Society Classification. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical pictures, physical examinations including neurologic examination, PNS series, EEG and CT or MRI in 53 children with nonprogressing recurrent headache over than one month, who visited to pediatric department of Dong-A University hospital from January, 1995 to Feburary, 1996 and diagnosed them by using International Headache Society Classification. RESULTS: 1) The sex ratio between male and female was 1:1.2. 2) Diagnosed groups consisted of children with migraines in 22 cases(41.5%), tension-type headache in 19 cases(35.9%), coexisting migraine and tension-type headaches in 5 cases(9.4%), miscellaneous headaches not associated with structual lesion in 1 case(1.9%), headache associated with vascular disorders in 2 cases(3.8%), headache associated with nonvascular intracranial disorder in 1 case(1.9%), headache due to facial pain in 3 cases(5.6%). 3) Of 22 migraine cases, 13 cases(59.1%) had migraine with aura, 8 cases(40.9%) have migraine without aura and of 19 tension-type headache cases, 8 cases(42.1%) have episodic type, 11(57.9%) cases have chronic type. 4) Of 53 cases with recurrent headache, 3 cases(6%) had abnormal findings in CT or MRI. 5) Of 53 cases with recurrent headache, 9 cases(17%) had abnormal findings in EEG. CONCLUSIONS: International Headache Society Classifications are useful, but the diagnostic criteria are too strict for children, especially in migraine and tension type headache.
Adult ; Child* ; Classification* ; Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography ; Facial Pain ; Female ; Headache* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Migraine Disorders ; Migraine with Aura ; Migraine without Aura ; Neurologic Examination ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Sex Ratio ; Tension-Type Headache

No abstract available.
Aorta* ; Pulmonary Artery*

BACKGROUND: It is understood that amylase is poor and lipase is a little better than amylase in specificity for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. But we recognized that the general knowledge was resulted from the study of inappropriate design of some researchers. So, we tried to find out the true diagnostic value of amylase and lipase by the study of appropriate design, and with the above result, evaluated the usefulness of lipase as a diagnostic test for acute pancreatitis. METHODS: We reviewed the serum levels of the amylase and lipase in 33 patients complaining acute abdominal pain diagnosed as acute pancreatitis by image study (computed tomography, ultrasonography) , and in the 134 patients of control group who, with abdominal pain, were diagnosed finally as non-pancreatic disease at discharge after admission and treatment. Serum amylase and lipase activity were measured by aca IVTM (Chiron Inc.). RESULTS: The sensitivity of amylase and lipase for the diagnosis of acute pan creatitis was 81.8% and 87.8%, respectively. The specificity of amylase and lipase for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was 92.5% and 86.5%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity was 84.6% and 96.3% respectively, when two enzymes were combined by 'and' strategy. The lipase activity remained elevated longer than the amylase in acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: On the contrary of the general knowledge, sensitivities and specificities of the amylase and lipase were fairy high and didn't show big dirt ferences between two enzymes. Though only one of the two enzymes could be selected for the diagnosis of acute Pancreatitis, using both of the enzymes increased the specificity, and lipase was useful to detect the patient who came to hospital a few days later after the onset of symptom.
Abdominal Pain ; Amylases ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Humans ; Lipase* ; Pancreatitis* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: Asthma causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. These symptoms are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow limitation that is partly reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. The inflammation also causes an associated increase in airway resposiveness to a variety of stimuli. METHOD: Of the 403 adult bronchial asthma patients enrolled from March 1992 to March 1994 in Allergy Clinics of Severance Hospital in Yonsei University, this study reviewed the 97 cases to evaluate the treatment effects and to analyse prognostic factors. The patients were classified to five groups according to treatment responses ; group 1 (non control group) : patients who were not controlled during following up, group 2 (high step treatment group) : patients who were controlled longer than 3 months by step 3 or 4 treatment of 'Global initiative for asthma, Global strategy for asthma management and prevention' (NHLBI/UNO) with PFR(%) larger than 8055, group 3 (short term control group) : patients who were controlled less than 1 year by step 1 or 2 treatment of NHLBI/WHO, group 4 (intermediate term control group) : patients who were controlled for more than 1 year but less than 2 years by step 1 or 2 treatment of NHLBI/HNO, group 5 (long term control group). patients who were controlled for more than 2 years by step 1 or 2 treatment of NHHI/WHO. Especially the patients who were controlled more than 1 year with negatively converted methacholine test and no eosinophil in sputum were classified to methacholine negative conversion group. We reviewed patients' history, atopy score, total IgE, specific IgE, methacholine PC2O and Peripheral blood eosinophil counts pulmonary function test steroid doses and aggrevation numbers after treatment. RESULTS: On analysis of 98 patients, 20 cases(20.6%) were classified to group 1, 26 cases(26.8%) to group 2, 23 cases(23.7%) to group 3, 15 cases(15.5%) to group 4, and 13 cases(13.4%) to groups 5. There were no differences of sex, asthma type, family history, smoking history, allergic rhinitis and aspirin allergy among the groups. In long term control group, asthma onset age was younger, symptom duration was shorter, and Initial pulmonary function was better. The long term control group required 1ower amounts of oral steroid, had less aggrevation during first 3months after starting treatment and shorter duration from enrollment to control. Atopy, allergic skin tests sputum and blood eosinophil, total IgE, nonspecific bronchial resposiveness was not significantly different among the groups. Seven out of 28 patients who were controlled more than 1 years showed negatively converted methachloine test and no eosinophils in the sputum. The mean control duration was 20.3α9.7 months and relapse did not occur. CONCLUSION: Patients who had asthma of onset age younger, shorter symptom duration better PFT, lower treatment initial steps, lower amounts of steroid needs and less aggravation numbers after starting treatment were classified in the long term control groups compared to the others.
Adult ; Age of Onset ; Aspirin ; Asthma* ; Cough ; Eosinophils ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Inflammation ; Methacholine Chloride ; Recurrence ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Respiratory Sounds ; Rhinitis ; Skin Tests ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Sputum ; Thorax

No abstract available.
Animals ; Jaundice, Obstructive* ; Liver Regeneration* ; Liver* ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Extremities* ; Sarcoma*