Congenital cataract is responsible for approximately one tenth of childhood blindness worldwide.Generally,cataract includes three inheriting types:autosomal dominant,autosomal recessive or X-linked.The identified genes so far for hereditary cataracts in both human and animal model mainly include encoding structural lens protein,gap junction protein,membrane protein and regulatory protein involved in lens development.Crystallins are the major structural protein of the lens.Mutation in the crystallin genes can result in lens opacity.Understanding of the mechanism of hereditary cataract may also be helpful for us to understand the involvement of environmental and nutritional factors in the process of lens opacification.The function of the crystallins proteins,the mutations in crystallin genes and associated phenotypes are summarized.

By combining WGA-HRP retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical methods,the characteristics of the vasopressin(VP)-like immunoreactive neurons, which project to the posterior pituitary were studied. They were located subependymally, and predominately along:(1) the dorsal wall of the third ventricle at the preoptic area and posterior magnocellular paraventricular nucleus levels, (2) the ventral wall of the third ventricle at the suprachiasmatic nucleus level, and (3) at the floor of the third ventricle. Four types of the cells could be distinguished. They were found to squeeze in between the ependymal cells, bring themselves very close to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),or to be situated in the subependymal layer, sending some of their processes into the ependyma. The double labelled neurons were also detected subpially in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the retrochiasmatic nucleus. A large number of dendrites from the neurons in the SON extended toward the CSF in the subarachnoidspace. In summary, the VP-like immunoreactive neurons which projected to the posterior pituitary were very close to the CSF. It is, therefore, proposed that these neurons may monitor changes in the CSF and adjust the secretion of VP in the posterior pituitary. They may also release VP directly into the CSF.

The periventricular oxytocin(OXT)-immunoreactive neurons of the 3 third ventricle in the rat were studied under electron microscope by using pre-embedding PAP immunocytochemistry. Special attention was payed to the relationship between OXT-containing neurons and ependymal cells and the synaptic architecture of these neurons in the periventricular neuropil. The results revealed that the positively immunostained cell bodies and larger, dendrites of neurons were just beneath ependyma and contacted directly with ependymal cells. Typical Gray Ⅰ type or untypical axon-dendrite synapses were found between the immunolabelled neurons and unlabelled axon terminals. A cross section of a immunoreactive process was seen on the luminal surface of ependymal cells in one case. In the subependymal neuropil many synapses formed by OXT-immunoreactive dendrites and non-immunoreactive axon terminals which contained different kinds of synaptic vesicles were encountered. It is suggested that the subependymal neurons may be important in signal integation between cerebrospinal fluid and neuronal inputs. It is also possible that the subependymal neurons may release peptides,i, e. oxytocin into CSF.

Objective: To observe the expressions of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78, GRP94 and caspase-12 related with endoplasmic reticulum in the striatum during focal cerebral ischemia in rats, so as to investigate the possible effect of endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperones and apoptosis factor in the ischemic process. Methods: Sixty rats were equally randomized into 2 groups (n = 30): The sham operated group and the ischemic group (focal transient cerebral ischemia model was established with intraluminal occlusion of left meddle cerebral artery). The expression of GRP78, GRP94 and caspase-12 in rats striatum was detected by immunohistochemistry staining and semiquantitative RT-PCR at the different time points (6, 12 and 24 h after ischemia). Results: Immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR results illustrated that the mRNAs and protein expressions of GRP78 and GRP94 in ischemic group were lower than that in sham operated group at each time point (P < 0.05). The expression of the GRP78 and GRP94 were highest at 12 h from 6 h to 24 h (P < 0.05) in ischemic group. The expression of caspase-12 in ischemic group upgrade at 6 h and were highest at 12 h and decreased at 24 h. There was no expression in sham operated group. Conclusion: Endoplasmic reticulum-self regulated system was started through the increased expressions of GRP78 and GRP94 after striatum ischemia in rats, so as to attenuated cerebral ischemic injury. Endoplasmic reticulum-self regulated function loss because of severe cerebral ischemia. Initiation of caspase-12 apoptosis pathway is possible one of the mechanisms that priming endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis pathway in cerebral ischemic injury.

Objective: To observe the influence of Naoxintong on expression of glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78) and GRP94 in the striatum of rats with focal cerebral ischemic injury, so as to investigate their possible protective mechanism on cerebral ischemic injury. Methods: Ninety rats were equally randomized into 3 groups(n=30): sham operated group, ischemic group (Focal transient cerebral ischemia model was established with intraluminal occlusion of left middle cerebral artery) and Naoxintong pre-treated group (Treated with Naoxintong 5 d before ischemic injury). The expression of GRP78, GRP94 in rats striatum was detected by histological method, immunohistochemistry staining and semiquantitative RT-PCR at the different time points(6,12 and 24 h after ischemic treatment). Results: The focal transient cerebral ischemia model was successfully established in rats. Histological results showed that the degree of focal cerebral ischemic injury in Naoxintong pre-treated group was significantly lower than that in ischemic group. Immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR results illustrated that the expression of GRP78 and GRP94 in ischemic group was lower than that in sham operated group at each time point after ischemic treatment (P<0.01). The expression of GRP78 and GRP94 in ischemic group and Naoxintong pre-treated group were the lowest at 6 h and the highest at 12 h, and the expression at 24 h was lower than that at 12 h but higher than that at 6 h. Compared with the ischemic group, the expression of GRP78 and GRP94 was higher in Naoxintong pre-treated group at the same time point (P<0.05,P<0.01). Conclusion: The expression of GRP78 and GRP94 is upregulated within 12 h of cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Naoxintong can promote the expression of GRP78 and GRP94 in ischemic cerebral areas, protect the function of endoplasmic reticulum and relieve the cerebral injury caused by ischemia.

No abstract available.
Knee*

PURPOSE: We studied CT findings of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma that manifestated varied clinical and radiologic characteristics. MATERIALS & METHODS: We studied presenting radiographic patterns and their characteristics and secondary findings of histologically proven 30 cases of bronchioloalveolar carcinomas on chest CT scan. RESULTS: Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma appeared radiologically as a solitary nodule(19 cases), consolidation (7 cases), and multinodules(4 cases). A solitary nodular type shows irregular or spiculated borders, peripheral or subpleural location, heterogenous density, pleural tags, pseudocavitation, and sometimes rim-enhancement of mass. A consolidation type shows air-brochogram, pseudocavitation and CT anglogram within homogenous low attenuated consolidated lung. Hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy as secondary findings of bronchioloalveolar carcioma appeared frequently(43.3%). Even in a solitary nodular form, hilar & mediastinal lymphadenopathy was noted in 36.8% and follow-up study in 6 cases showed lung-to-lung metastasis with 14.7 months in mean metastasis duration. CONCLUSION: It is difficulty in diagnosis of bronchioloalveolar carcioma with clinical or plain radiographic features alone because of theis variability. We found that CT scan can help the diagnosis of this tumor. We also found out that a solitary form of bronchioloalveolar carcioma as well as diffuse form does not have a good prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar* ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Lung ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND: We prospectively evaluated the incidence and possible factors causing intramuscular injection during lumbar sympathetic ganglion block and compared the multiple needle technique to the single technique to obtain a profound and complete block effect. METHODS: Among 83 patients, 58 patients (group A, n = 27, multiple needle technique and group B, n = 31, single needle technique) were reevaluated for the changes of skin temperature (Ts) and mean segment of longitudinal contrast spread. After injecting the contrast agent, the incidence of psoas muscle injection and the change of Ts was compared between two groups. RESULTS: The incidence of psoas muscle injection was 21.3% (46/216) and it was associated with the level of injection (L2) significantly (chi-square = 14.773, P = 0.001). DT(post) (postblock temperature difference between ipsilateral and contralateral great toe, 4.6 +/- 2.8degrees C, 1.8 +/- 1.6degrees C, P < 0.001 for group A and B) and DT(net) (DT(post) - DT(pre), 3.9 +/- 2.7degrees C, 1.5 +/- 1.5degrees C, P < 0.001 for group A and B) was significantly higher in group A. The mean segment of longitudinal contrast spread was 8.1 +/- 0.9 for group A and 3.2 +/- 1.6 for group B (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The LSGB at the L2 level showed the lowest incidence of psoas muscle injection of contrast. Multiple needle approach showed more significant increase of DT(net) and DT(post).
Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Humans ; Incidence ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Needles ; Prospective Studies ; Psoas Muscles ; Skin Temperature ; Toes

Objective To realize the inter-network connectivity problem through one information-point. Methods According to the characteristics of twisted -pair connections, following the work principles and standards of Ethernet, the transformation of twisted-pair was rebuilt by tri-pass connecting twin-network. Results Each pair of thread groups was taken full advantage by achieving twin-network. Conclusion By comparing the two types of transformation methods, a set of practical solution is explored of handy, mobility, non-destructive and reversible.

The elderly can experience a lot of stressful events and the stress acts as a various fluent that affects a well-being level, the self-contentment of lives. and the achievements by themselves. Also. the elderly are different from the young in many unexpressed stress and have diverse copings for perceived stress. Moreover. they mainly seem to use a problem-focused coping and an emotion-focused coping. To use whatever copings is to improve the quality of life in the old period and very important fact to achieve their ends. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Perceived Stress and the Ways of Coping in the Elderly and to gain the baseline data for development of nursing intervention program for improve to the quality of life in the elderly. The design of this study was a correlational study. The subjects of this study consisted of 230 of the elderly living in Pusan. The data was collected from 1st July, to 1st September. 2002. The instruments used for this study were 'Perceived Stress Scale(20items, 5point. scale)' developed by Kang In(990) and translated by Lee young-ja(1999). and its reliability is Cronbach's a= .89. Coping Scale(30items, 4point. scale. 14 items about a problem-focused coping, 16 items about an emotion-focused coping, 4 points scale) developed by Lazarus & Folkman (1984) and translated by Yang Young-hee(1998). The reliability of this study is Cronbach's a = .90. The data was analyzed by the SPSS WIN 10.0 program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA & Scheffe test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The mean score of perceived stress was 31.75+/-0.23(Min 20, Max 100), which the item mean score was 1.59+/-.51(Min 1. Max 5). 2. The number of subjects in a problem-focused coping was 72(31.3%), the number of subjects in an emotion-focused coping was 158(68.7%) 3. There were statistically significant positive correlation between perceived stress and problem-focoused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method. (r = .180, r= .209, p< .05). It means the more stress, the more problem-focoused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method. 4. There was significant difference the score of perceived stress according to sex (F=-5.057, P=.000)marital status, (F=-2.909. P=.004) , economic level, (F=10.243, P=.000), paticipated meeting, (F=9.346, P=.000), perceived health status(F=5.1l7, P=.007). 5. There was significant difference the score of problem-focoused coping method according to age(F=14.200, P=.000), marital status (F=2.432, P=.0160), economic level (F=14.410, P=.000), monthly income, (F=8.300. P= .000), income resource (F=10.235, P=.000), educational level (F= 15.222, P= .000), occupation (F= 1.544, P=.04l), paticipated meeting (F=4.936, P= .008), perceived health status(F=5.655, P= .004). And there was significant difference the score of emotion-focoused coping method according to monthly income(F=4.781, P= .009), income resource (F=2.930, P= .035), educational level (F=6.101. P=.003), religion(F=2698, P= .032), paticipated meetings(F=7.285, P= .00l). As a result of the study, the elderly had a bit less stress and the two-thirds of the elderly used the emotion-focused coping. Thus, the more perceived stress, the more problem-focoused coping method and the more emotion-focoused coping method. Accordingly, to improve the quality of life of the elderly, there needs and applies a nursing intervention program that relieves the stress and use effective coping method.
Aged* ; Busan ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Marital Status ; Nursing ; Occupations ; Quality of Life