The most common disease in Korea is smoking and the number of the sufferers is about twelve million. The prevalence of smoking among doctors may indicate the likelihood of success of population-based anti-tobacco campaigns. It has been established that the decline in the prevalence of smoking among physicians has preceded the decline in the general population according to the Kunz's two-phase model in smoking epidemic. There is also evidence that physicians who smoke are less likely to counsel patients about the hazards of smoking. For these three reasons it is important to understand the current smoking status among medical doctors. The smoking rate was reported to be 34.9% among Korean doctors in male and 2.3% in female in 2000. In the same period it has been reported to be 67.6% in male and 3% in female in the general population. According to Kunz, Korea is a mature country in terms of smoking epidemic. All the doctors should be well aware that there are effective and scientific ways of smoking cessation. But the proportion of doctors who have never been educated for smoking cessation was 97.9%. Undergraduate and continuous medical education for smoking cessation should be reinforced. The drop smoking rate among Korean medical doctors is mandatory.
Education, Medical ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking*

No abstract available.
Ethics*

No abstract available.
Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Patient Education as Topic* ; Primary Health Care*

No abstract available.
Chest Pain* ; Thorax*

BACKGROUND: It has been found that sterss challenge with heat shock produces the acquisition of cellular resistance to ischemin injury in the hearts, which is associated with stress protein induction. The conventional heat shock(42degrees C of rectal temperature for 15min, anesthetized animal), however, is strong enough to endanger the animal life and then not suitable for practiocal application in human. The present study was performedd in an attempt to search the safely applicabel stress modalities to acquire the myocardial tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion in jury. METHODS: Male, Sprague-Ddawley rats(200-250g) were exposed to various stressful conditions, such as heat stimulation(environmental temperature of 42degrees C for 30min, live animal), swimming(20min), immobilization(60min), treadmill exercise(20M/min, 30min) and hyperbaric oxygenation(3atm, 60min) given once a day for 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last application the hearts were isolated and perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution by Langendorff method. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was produced by 20 min-global ischemia followed by 30 min-reperfusion. Cardiac mechanical function, lactate dehydrogenase release, the induction of stree proteins were assayed and compared dbetween the stressed dand the control animals. RESULTS: Upon reperfusion after ischemia the recovery of cardiac function was significantly improved in the stressed animals. The percentile recovery at 30min of reperfusion was in a range from 55.3%(swimming) to 89.3%(treadmill exercise), which was significantly higher than that of the control hearts(38%). The functional recovery of the conventional heat shocked heart was 57.7%. In stressed animals, lactate dehydrogenase release, which indicates myocardial cell injury, was significantly reduced by 20 to 30% compared to that for the control. The expression of an inducible form of 70 series stress protein, SP72, which was assayed by immunoblotting method, was markedly increased by heat stimulation while the other stress modalities failed to increase, it. There were no appreciable inductions of SP73(constitutive form) and GRR78 in the stressed animals. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the cardiac protection from the ischemia-reperfusion injury could be induced by the repetitive non-fatal stress stimulations and that SP70 family proteins may be partly involved in the cardioprotective effect produced by heat stimulation, but not play the essential roles in anti-ischemic effects produced by other stress modalities.
Animals ; Heart* ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Ischemia ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Male ; Oxygen ; Rats* ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Shock

No abstract available.
Humans

This paper will review the recent recommendations for screening of 6 major cancers in Korea; stomach cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Gastrofiberscopy and UGIS remain the main screening tool for stomach cancer over 40 years of age. There is no recommendation for lung cancer screening. Ultrasonography and alpha-fetoprotein can be recommended for high risk group of liver cancer. Colonoscopy every 5~10 years over 50 is recommended for early detection of colon cancer. Flexible sigmoidoscopy plus double contrast barium enema every 5~10 years can be an alternative for it. Mammography is the main screening tool for breast cancer over 50. Pap smear is recommended for screening for cervical cancer 3 years after vaginal sex. Evidence-based screening programs for major cancers are needed in Korea.
alpha-Fetoproteins ; Barium ; Breast Neoplasms ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colonoscopy ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Enema ; Korea ; Liver Neoplasms ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mammography ; Mass Screening* ; Sigmoidoscopy ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Ultrasonography ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

The first modern hospital, royal Kwang-Hye-Won (House of Extended Grace) was established in April of 1885, whose name was changed into royal Che-Jung-Won (House of Helpfulness) in several days. Private(not royal) Je-Jung-Won opened its Medical School in 1899. And the teachers composed of western missionaries taught some Korean student-assistants the Western medicine with English textbooks in English. With very low effectiveness of teaching due to language barrier, Dr. Avison, the principal of that school decided to write medical textbooks in Korean. At first he tried to translate Henry Gray's Anatomy of 1859. In the effort he referred some Chinese and Japanese medical books. With that reason, we can find many Japanese style medical terms in some medical books of his. On the other hand, Eui-Hak-Kyo(The Medical School) was established by the Government of Dae-Han Empire in 1899. The teaching staff of the school published medical textbooks in Korean, some of which were written by Japanese doctors. After the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, Japanese government forced teachers of the school to teach with Japanese medical books and to speak Japanese in teaching. In 1915 the Act of Private Education was declared, which forced Japanese spoken in teaching even in the private medical school, Severance Medical School(later self of private Che-Jung-Won). In these ways, Japanese medical terms of Chinese letter were introduced without prudent consolidation, which evoke not a few problems in medical terms and education still now.
Education, Medical/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Textbooks/*history ; Translations ; Western World