No abstract available.
Ethics*

The most common disease in Korea is smoking and the number of the sufferers is about twelve million. The prevalence of smoking among doctors may indicate the likelihood of success of population-based anti-tobacco campaigns. It has been established that the decline in the prevalence of smoking among physicians has preceded the decline in the general population according to the Kunz's two-phase model in smoking epidemic. There is also evidence that physicians who smoke are less likely to counsel patients about the hazards of smoking. For these three reasons it is important to understand the current smoking status among medical doctors. The smoking rate was reported to be 34.9% among Korean doctors in male and 2.3% in female in 2000. In the same period it has been reported to be 67.6% in male and 3% in female in the general population. According to Kunz, Korea is a mature country in terms of smoking epidemic. All the doctors should be well aware that there are effective and scientific ways of smoking cessation. But the proportion of doctors who have never been educated for smoking cessation was 97.9%. Undergraduate and continuous medical education for smoking cessation should be reinforced. The drop smoking rate among Korean medical doctors is mandatory.
Education, Medical ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking*

No abstract available.
Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Patient Education as Topic* ; Primary Health Care*

No abstract available.
Chest Pain* ; Thorax*

BACKGROUND: It has been found that sterss challenge with heat shock produces the acquisition of cellular resistance to ischemin injury in the hearts, which is associated with stress protein induction. The conventional heat shock(42degrees C of rectal temperature for 15min, anesthetized animal), however, is strong enough to endanger the animal life and then not suitable for practiocal application in human. The present study was performedd in an attempt to search the safely applicabel stress modalities to acquire the myocardial tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion in jury. METHODS: Male, Sprague-Ddawley rats(200-250g) were exposed to various stressful conditions, such as heat stimulation(environmental temperature of 42degrees C for 30min, live animal), swimming(20min), immobilization(60min), treadmill exercise(20M/min, 30min) and hyperbaric oxygenation(3atm, 60min) given once a day for 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last application the hearts were isolated and perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution by Langendorff method. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was produced by 20 min-global ischemia followed by 30 min-reperfusion. Cardiac mechanical function, lactate dehydrogenase release, the induction of stree proteins were assayed and compared dbetween the stressed dand the control animals. RESULTS: Upon reperfusion after ischemia the recovery of cardiac function was significantly improved in the stressed animals. The percentile recovery at 30min of reperfusion was in a range from 55.3%(swimming) to 89.3%(treadmill exercise), which was significantly higher than that of the control hearts(38%). The functional recovery of the conventional heat shocked heart was 57.7%. In stressed animals, lactate dehydrogenase release, which indicates myocardial cell injury, was significantly reduced by 20 to 30% compared to that for the control. The expression of an inducible form of 70 series stress protein, SP72, which was assayed by immunoblotting method, was markedly increased by heat stimulation while the other stress modalities failed to increase, it. There were no appreciable inductions of SP73(constitutive form) and GRR78 in the stressed animals. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the cardiac protection from the ischemia-reperfusion injury could be induced by the repetitive non-fatal stress stimulations and that SP70 family proteins may be partly involved in the cardioprotective effect produced by heat stimulation, but not play the essential roles in anti-ischemic effects produced by other stress modalities.
Animals ; Heart* ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Ischemia ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Male ; Oxygen ; Rats* ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Shock

Modern hospital in Korea was the space of competition and compromise among different forces such as the state power and social forces, imperialism and nationalism, and the traditional and the modern medicine. Hospital in the Japanese colonialism was the object of control for establishing the colonial medical system. Japanese colonialism controlled not only the public hospital but also the private hospital which had to possess more than 10 infectious beds in the isolation building by the Controlling Regulation of Private Hospital. In fact, the private hospital had to possess more than 20 beds for hospital management. As a result, its regulation prevented the independent development of the private hospital. But because the public hospital could not accommodate many graduates of medical school, most of them had to serve as a practitioner. Although some practitioners had more than 20 beds in their clinics, they were not officially included in the imperial medicine. By concentrating on the trend of the number of bed in the hospital, this paper differs from most previous studies of the system of hospital, which have argued that the system of hospital was converted the public-centered hospital system under the colonial medical system into the private-centered hospital system under the U. S. medical system after the Liberation in 1945. After Liberation, medical reformers discussed arranging the public and the private hospital. Lee Yong-seol, who was a Health-Welfare minister, disagreed the introduction of the system of state medicine. Worrying about the flooding of practitioners, he did not want to intervene the construction of hospital by state power. Because the private hospital run short of the medical leadership and the fundamental basis, the state still controlled the main disease in the public health and the prevention of epidemics. This means the state also played important part in the general medical examination and treatment. The outbreak of Korean War in 1950 reinforced the role of state. The leadership of the public hospital verified the trend of the quantity of bed. The number of bed in the private hospital exceeded that of the public hospital in 1966 for the first time. Furthermore, the number of bed in the public hospital doubled that of private hospital in the new general hospital of 1950s. This means the system of hospital after the Liberation was not converted the public-centered hospital system into the private-centered hospital system, but maintained the public-centered hospital system until 1960s.
Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; Hospitals, Public/*history ; Hospitals, Voluntary/*history ; Japan ; Korea ; United States ; War/*history

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the single most important factor for the prevention of diseases and the promotion of health. The objectives of this study are to compare the health related quality of life and other factors between the adult male smokers and nonsmokers. METHODS: Study subjects were selected from the parents of students of three schools; one elementary school, one middle school, and one high school in Suwon city, Kyungki Do. Among 2,308 respondents to the questionnaire, 1,127 were analyzed. The questionnaire consisted of questions of general socioeconomic status, health related quality of life questionnaire, Fagerstrom nicotine tolerance questionnaire, and the Why test. RESULTS: There were no significant socioeconomic differences between the smokers and nonsmokers except religion(p=0.000). The smoking rate of the subjects was 66.2%, the average amount of smoking was 18.28 cigarettes per day, and the mean nicotine dependence score was 3.99+/-2.33. Smokers ranked lower scores in all scales of the health related quality of life than nonsmokers. The health related quality of life of the group of high nicotine dependence was low in comparison with the group of low nicotine dependence. The most common reason of smoking was to relieve tension. CONCLUSION: Smokers ranked lower scores in all scales of the health related quality of life than nonsmokers.
Adult* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Gyeonggi-do* ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male* ; Nicotine ; Parents ; Quality of Life* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Humans