Cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of death in Korea. Smoking should be considered as a chronic disease attributed to nicotine dependence which needs a long term care. Nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms are major barriers to smoking cessation and can be successfully managed by pharmacotherapy. There are two types of pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence, nicotine-replacement therapy(NRT) and nonnicotine-replacement therapy. Nicotine, which can be administered by patch, gum, inhaler, and nasal spray, doubled the smoking cessation rate. NRTs are usually well tolerated. Sustained-release bupropion, an antidepressant, doubled the smoking cessation rate when combined with counselling. Bupropion can induce seizure in less than 0.1% by lowering the seizure threshold. Nortriptyline and clonidine can be used as second line drugs for smoking cessation. They are similar in efficacy compared to NRT or bupropion but they frequently have adverse drug reactions. Combination of bupropion with NRT is more efficacious than NRT alone but not more effective than bupropion alone. There is no convincing evidence to recommend a specific drug for smoking cessation in women. NRT and bupropion can be useful in special situations for adolescent smokers, but evidence is not enough to recommend pharmacotherapy for adolescent smokers. Weight gain is the main barrier to smoking cessation, especially in women. Vigorous exercise reduced weight gain. Nicotine gum, bupropion also temporarily reduced weight gain after smoking cessation, but only while the drug was being administered. As there are sound evidences for the effect of pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation, it is necessary for physicians to integrate it into their daily practices.
Adolescent ; Bupropion ; Cause of Death ; Chronic Disease ; Clonidine ; Drug Therapy* ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Korea ; Long-Term Care ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Nicotine* ; Nortriptyline ; Seizures ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; Tobacco Use Disorder* ; Weight Gain

No abstract available.
Health Promotion* ; Primary Health Care*

Aged ; Geriatric Assessment ; Homes for the Aged ; Humans ; Nursing Homes ; Quality of Health Care ; Singapore

No abstract available.
Intestinal Fistula*

In order to compare the changes of dentofacial skeleton, teeth and soft tissue profile in Class I malocclusion patients treated with and without extraction, cephalometric radiographs were taken in 22 female patients as extraction group and 23 female as nonextraction group who were treated in the Department of Orthodontics in Chonnam National University Hospital. The results were as follows. 1. At the beginning of treatment, average age was 19.0 years in extraction group and 15.9 years in nonextraction group. Duration of treatment was 2.8 years in extraction group and 1.7 years in nonextraction group. 2. Before treatment, there were significant difference between 2 groups in the amount of protrusion and proclination in upper and lower central incisor and lower lip protrusion. After treatment, these differences were decreased. 3. In comparison before and after treatment in extraction group, upper and lower central incisor protrusion and lower lip protrusion were significantly improved. In nonextraction group, retrusion and improvement of inclination of upper and lower central incisor were not found.
Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Jeollanam-do ; Lip ; Malocclusion ; Orthodontics ; Overbite ; Skeleton ; Tooth

No abstract available.
Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Vaccination*

A clinical observation was performed on 154 cases of chronic prostatitis in the Department of Urology, National Seoul Hospital from January 1981 to March 1982. The results are as follows: 1. 121 cases or 78.4 percent of the cases were observed among the ages between 20 to 40 years are more than one half of these cases were seen between the ages of 26 to 35 years. 2. Previous diseases were Non-gonococcal urethritis on 82 cases (53.2%), Gonococcal urethritis on 45 cases(29.2%) and previous prostatitis on 15 cases (9.7%). 12 cases (7.8%) were free of previous diseases. 3. Most frequently observed symptoms consisted of those of mild chronic urethritis such as morning drop, urethral discomfort, perineal discomfort and frequency. 4. In microscopic findings of wet smear of the prostatic secretion, 125 cases (81.2%) showed W.B.C. more than10/H.P,F. 29 cases (18.8%) were within normal limit. 5. In 125 cases in which prostatic gram stain was done, microorganisms were gram (+) cocci on 26 cases (20.8%),gram (-) bacilli on 12 cases (9.6%) and gram (+) bacilli on 10 cases (8.0%). No microorganism were on 77 cases (61.6%).
Prostatitis* ; Seoul ; Urethritis ; Urology

Rumex japonicus Houttuyn are ubiquitous plants, which are found in marshes or in wet areas. The root of Rumex japonicus Houttuyn has been used for the treatment of skin diseases including fungal infections of the skin since older times in Japan and China. This study was undertaken to investigate the antifungal activity of the alcoholbenzene extract of Rumex japonicus Houttuyn in vitro. During this experiment the extracts of Rumex japonicus Houttuyn were diluted seriaIly in the Sabouraud's dextrose agar and fungal mats or fungal suspensions of isolated strains of dermatophytes were inoculated into each medium containing different concentrations of test materials. Then their growth was observed for 2 weeks or 10 days at room temperature. (countinued...)
Agar ; Arthrodermataceae ; China ; Glucose ; Japan ; Rumex* ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Suspensions ; Wetlands

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Child* ; Chin* ; Humans

BACKGROUND: Rapid progress in medical science and technology has lengthened the average span of life in general population and accelerated the increase in the elderly. This gave rise to the expansion of chronic degenerative disease in the elderly, and then led to an increase in the utilization rate of health care facility and medical fee in sequence. METHODS: In order to grope for an effective control program of chronic degenerative disease and to find out the characteristics of disease structure and utilization patterns of health care facility in the elderly, the author analysed the 6,072,196 cases of insured medical record of Federation of Korean Medical Insurance Societies from January 1st to December 31st of the year 1991. RESULTS: Essential hypertension(5.94%) is the most common disease in the elderly. And what follows are gastritis and duodenitis(4.29%), acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis(3.68%), acute upper respiratory infection of multiple or unspecified site(3.47%) and diabetes mellitus(3.21%). Twenty most frequent diseases constitute the top 50.27% and one hundred constitute over 85% of all frequency of health care facility utilization. There are different patterns of diseases between two sexes. Pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, malignant neoplasm of stomach, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, occlusion of cerebral arteries, sprains and strains of knee and leg, malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus and lung, other open wound of head, erythematosquamous dermatosis are more than 1.5 times higher in male by the standardized frequency ratio. There is a significant dissimilarity of disease structure between primary and other types of health care facility, which presents the point of reinforcement in primary care. The author has also noted elderly patients prefer secondary or tertiary health care facility in case of essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary tuberculosis, heart failure, duodenal ulcer, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, funtional gastrointestinal disorder, hypertensive heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which seems to be not so critical in most cases. CONCLUSIONS: Patients of chronic degenerative disease tend to pursue the high quality of medical care and irregularly utilize health care delivery system.
Aged* ; Bronchi ; Bronchitis ; Cerebral Arteries ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Duodenal Ulcer ; Fees, Medical ; Fibrosis ; Gastritis ; Head ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insurance ; Knee ; Leg ; Liver Diseases ; Lung ; Male ; Medical Records ; Primary Health Care ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Skin Diseases ; Sprains and Strains ; Stomach ; Trachea ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Wounds and Injuries