PURPOSE: Several methods of the nipple reduction have been reported. However, the methods described previously are difficult or have some demerits. This study proposes a simple technique for reduction of the nipple height as well as diameter. METHODS: The purposed nipple height is marked. A pentahedral design of excision was marked around thenipple. Local anesthetic solution was infiltrated and a 4- 0 Nylon traction suture was applied at the nipple apex. Excision of the nipple inside both two triangles and a rectangle was made. Remaining two flaps were approximated using 5-0 Nylon simple interrupted sutures. However, a part of wound closure was not done in the central area of the nipple. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients (166 nipples) underwent this procedure from December 1999 to December 2008. Follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 2 years with a mean of 10 months. Seventy-eight patients were female and 5 patients were male. No major complications occurred and remaining scars were very inconspicuous. CONCLUSION: This simple technique has the advantage of nipple reduction in both height and diameter, and provides good aesthetic outcomes.
Cicatrix ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Male ; Nipples ; Nitro Compounds ; Nylons ; Sutures ; Traction

PURPOSE: Reduction mammaplasty is a procedure with a relatively high patient satisfaction rate, however, associated scarring around the areola can be a serious problem. This study proposes a new modification of the breast reduction procedure by means of an inframammary incision alone. METHODS: The breast is marked out preoperatively with standing position. Under the general anesthesia, an inframammary incision of approximately 7-8cm is done. The subcutaneous plane is made in the lower pole of the breast, then the subglandular plane is entered and a sharp dissection is made up to 2cm below the areola. The breast is mobilized from the chest wall and a cone-shaped parenchyme is removed in en-block except from the retroareolar central part. The remaining both pillars are gathered together with absorbable sutures and the base of the gland is narrowed to project the breast forward. The wound is closed in a layered fashion and taping of the breast mound is applied to redistribute the breast skin. RESULTS: 21 patients(36 breasts) underwent this procedure from December 2004 to December 2009. Average follow up was 9 months(ranged from 6 months to 12 months). No major complication occurred. Most patients were pleased with the breast size, shape, and scars. However, 2 patients complained their hypertrophic scars which were corrected by revision. CONCLUSION: This technique is a simple approach to mild to moderate breast reduction through an inframammary incision alone. And, this technique provides an option with minimal complications and invisible scarring, which is especially important in the young patient group.
Anesthesia, General ; Breast ; Cicatrix ; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; Patient Satisfaction ; Skin ; Sutures ; Thoracic Wall

To elucidate the early sequential morphogenetic progress of exencephaly and myeloschisis, rat embryos whose mothers had been treated with hypervitaminosis A were studied at 1-day interval from gestation day 10.5 to 15.5. In exposed animals sequential change was found in both exencephaly and myeloschisis as the embryos grew up. The 10.5-day old exencephalic embryos had still widely open cephalic neural tubes. Exencephalic embryos older than 13.5 days of gestation showed strikingly severe eversion and overgrowth of the cephalic neuroepithelium, thus failed in forming normal primitive brain. The convex dorsal surface of the exencephaly was covered with ependyma, which was connected directly with surrounding surface eqithelium at the periphery. The earliest morphologically recognized myeloschisis was in the 13.5-day old embryos. In myeloschisis, divergence at the roof plate and eversion of the spinal neural tube, disorganized overgrowth of the neuroepithelium, malformed and misplaced spinal ganglia and nerve roots, and absence of the neural arch and dermal covering were characteristic. It is suggested that exencephaly results from failure of the cephalic neural tube closure which is followed by eversion and overgrowth of the neuroepithelium. And failure in closure of the posterior neuropore and disturbance in the development of the tail bud probably play major role in the morphogenesis of myeloschisis.
Animals ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Hypervitaminosis A ; Neural Tube Defects/chemically induced/*pathology ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Spinal Cord/*abnormalities/embryology

PURPOSE: The transaxillary approach for breast augmentation has been advocated for patients and surgeons for several decades. However, this blind technique had many disadvantages including, traumatic dissection, difficult hemostasis, displacement of implants, and ill-defined asymmetrical location of inframammary crease. In the present study, the precise endoscopic electrocautery dissection was applied to eliminate the limits of blunt dissection throughout the procedures. METHODS: From December 2006 to December 2007, a total of 103 patients with an average age of 29.5 years underwent endoscopic assisted transaxillary dual plane augmentation mammoplasty. The mean implant size was 243 cc with the range between 150 and 350cc. Through a 4cm axillary incision, electrocautery dissection for submuscular pockets was carried out under the endoscopic control. The costal origin of pectoralis muscle was completely divided to expose subcutaneous tissue and to make type I dual plane. RESULTS: Using the endoscopic dissection, we achieved good aesthetic results including a short recovery period, less morbidity, and symmetrical well-defined inframammary crease. Type I dual plane procedure could support the consistent inframammary fold shape and be applied to most patients without breast ptosis. Minor complications did not occur, however, four major complications of capsular contracture occurred. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the era of the blind techniques, endoscopic assisted transaxillary dual plane breast augmentation can now be performed effectively and reproducibly. With Its advantage, the axillary application of endoscopy for augmentation mammaplasty is useful to achieve the optimal cosmetic outcomes.
Breast ; Contracture ; Cosmetics ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Electrocoagulation ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Mammaplasty ; Nitro Compounds ; Pectoralis Muscles ; Subcutaneous Tissue

The pathophysiology of the inverted nipple is characterized by less connective tissue beneath the nipple, dense fibrous tissue at nipple-areola junction and shortened fewer functional lactiferous ducts. For grade I and II nipple inversion, the dissection of dense fibrous tissue at nipple-areola junction is sometimes not enough to completely bring out the nipple and also the recurrence rate is high. These findings suggest that the shortened hypoplastic ducts might play a considerable role in grade I and II nipple inversion. The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of partial ductal division and V-Y advancement of glandular tissue to correct the inverted nipple. Through a 3mm slit incision around the nipple base, partial division of lactiferous ducts was performed and V-Y advancement of parenchyma was followed. The extent of ductal division was limited only to the central portion until the nipple protrusion persisted without any support. A deep purse-string with a 4-0 permanent suture reinforced the advancement of glandular tissue to add bulk beneath the nipple, and a superficial purse-string was applied at the subcutaneous layer to avoid instability of the nipple. 168 female patients(309 nipples) underwent this procedure from April 2000 to June 2008. 37 nipples were grade I and 272 nipples were grade II. No major complication occurred. Overall recurrence rate was 4.2%(13/309). Among 17 women who had breast-fed after correction of inverted nipples, 2 women failed to breast- feed. This safe and simple technique can correct almost all pathologic factors of nipple inversion, and it can also be easily applied to reoperation cases.
Female ; Humans

Various approaches for gynecomastia correction have been described to remove glandular tissue. In recent years, standard and ultrasound-assisted liposuction became popular methods. However, these methods cannot meet all their needs in some patients who do not want to have scars on their breast's esthetic units and are known to have a tendency to form keloid. The purpose of this study is to introduce the usefulness of endoscope-assisted transaxillary removal of breast tissue in selected patients. Through a stab incision in the axilla, the entire surgical area was infiltrated using the tumescent technique. Ultrasoundassisted liposuction(UAL) was initially performed, followed by power-assisted liposuction(PAL). Then, the endoscope was introduced through a 3 cm axillary incision, and endoscopic electrocautery dissection of glandular tissue was performed under direct vision throughout the procedures. Adjuvant subcutaneous dissection around areola was done via 1 cm subareolar incision. Twelve male patients(22 breasts), whose age ranged from 19 to 38 years, underwent this technique from April 2007 to July 2008. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 16 months with a mean of 9 months. Average volume of aspirate was 290 mL, and mean amount of glandular tissue removed was 35g. No major complications occurred. The resulting scar in the axilla was inconspicuous, and patients were satisfied with postoperative breast contour. These results show that the combined use of an endoscope with the subareolar technique enables an effective treatment of gynecomastia and provides a smooth masculine breast contour without stigma of breast surgery.
Axilla ; Breast ; Cicatrix ; Electrocoagulation ; Endoscopes ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gynecomastia ; Humans ; Keloid ; Lipectomy ; Male ; Vision, Ocular

Hemangiopericytomas is a rare malignant tumor of the central nervous system having an incidence of 1-3.8% of all primary intracranial meningeal tumors, and the occurrence of cystic hemangiopericytomas is even rarer. We report our recent experience of a case of cerebral hemangiopericytoma associated with a large cyst in a 38 year-old man. The patient presented with 1-month history of headache. Computerized tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance image(MRI) showed a huge-sized, cystic tumor in the left frontal region. Histopathological report of the excised tumor confirmed cystic hemangiopericytoma. Over the years, the issue of classifying hemangiopericytoma as a form of meningioma has been controversial. Since hemangiopericytoma differs from that of ordinary meningiomas because of its extremely malignant behavior and different histological and ultrastructural properties, the author suggest that hemangiopericytoma classified not with meningiomas. Regardless of classification, total surgical removal of this tumor is crucial due to its tendency for local recurrence despite aggressive resection.
Adult ; Central Nervous System ; Classification ; Headache ; Hemangiopericytoma* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Meningeal Neoplasms ; Meningioma ; Recurrence

No abstract available.
Aneurysm* ; Carotid Artery, External* ; Neurofibromatoses*

We analyzed 20 cases of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula(CCF) during the recent 10 years The results are summarized as follows: 1) In 18 cases(90%), the clinical symptoms & signs of CCF occurred within 2 months after trauma. 2) The sites of fistulae were common in horizontal segment(40%) and at the junction(30%) between horizontal segment and posterior ascending segment of cavernous portion of internal carotid artery. 3) The main draining veins of CCF were the superior ophthalmic vein(90%) and the inferior petrosal sinus(70%). 4) The methods of treatment were occlusion of fistula with balloon(9 cases), occlusion of cavernous ICA with balloon(2 cases), ligation of cervical ICA with Poppen's clamp(4 cases) and trapping(2 cases). Two patients were not treated and another patient was healed spontaneously. 5) The frequency and severity of complication was significantly decreased in cases treated by detachable balloon occlusion than by direct cervical ICA ligation or trapping procedures. 6) The procedure using the self-sealed goldvalve balloon was simple, but had a risk of premature separation and premature deflation.
Balloon Occlusion ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Fistula* ; Humans ; Ligation ; Veins

The authors present a case in which an organized chronic subdural hematoma(CSDH) was incidentally found in a 9-year-old boy with no significant medical history after a pedestrian traffic accident. Preoperative magnetic resonance(MR) imaging showed calcification on the inner membrane and an irregular heterogeneous structure in the hematoma cavity. The findings from the preoperative brain computed tomogram(CT) and MR image were very useful for making the preoperative diagnosis and surgical decision. In choosing the proper surgical strategy for removing the organized CSDH, it was thought that burr hole trephination would present unnecessary difficulties. Thus, craniotomy was selected and the organized CSDH was successfully removed with no complications.
Accidents, Traffic ; Brain ; Child* ; Craniotomy ; Diagnosis ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Membranes ; Trephining