Objective To study the difference of detection rate between PCR and high-resolution melt (HRM)for detecting the bacterial drug resistance gene aac(6′)-Ib-cr.Methods The PCR method was adopted to detect the aac(6′)-Ib gene in 299 strains of common Gram-negative bacilli,and the PCR positive products of aac (6′)-Ib were digested with BtsCI.Meanwhile Aac (6′)-Ib and aac (6′)-Ib-cr genes in above bacterial strains were detected by adopting the HRM technique.Results A total of 29 isolates were i-dentified as aac (6′)-Ib gene,and 21 mutations were aac (6′)-Ib-cr,with a mutation rate of 72.4% (21/29)for PCR and restriction enzyme digestion.And the results of the HRM test were in good agreement with each other.Conclusion PCR and HRM are similar for the detection of the bacterial resistance gene aac (6′)-Ib-cr,and aac (6′)-Ib-cr gene could be detected by a simpler HRM tech-nique instead of PCR and enzyme digestion,especially for a large number of screening.

The main acupoints were Shuigou (GV 26), Jiquan (HT 1) and Weizhong (BL 40). According to the diseased area, corresponding points were selected. Warmed needling, pushing, grasping, kneading,flicking and shaking of diseased joints were performed. Among 48 patients with rheumatoid arthritis,6 cases were clinically recovered; 14 cases were remarkablely effective; 24 cases were improved; and 4 cases were ineffective.

Acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) is an important enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism. Studies concerning the relationship between aSMase and tumor are relatively rare. However, the relationship between aSMase and the development and progression of tumors has already been demonstrated in previously published research. In this review, the mechanism of aSMase activation and the role of aSMase in the development and progression of tumors as well as its application value are summarized. Copyright © 2012 by TUMOR.

The quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has been mainly evaluated based on chemical ingredients, yet recently more attentions have been paid on biological ingredients, especially for pill-based preparations. It is a key approach to establish a fast, accurate and systematic method of biological ingredient analysis for realization of modernization, industrialization and internationalization of TCMs. The biological ingredient analysis of TCM preparations could be abstracted as the identification of multiple species from a biological mixture. The metagenomic approach based on high-throughput-sequencing (HTS) and big-data-mining has been considered as one of the most effective methods for multiple species analysis of a biological mixture, which would also be helpful for the analysis of biological ingredients in TCMs. Simultaneous identification of diverse species, including the prescribed species, adulterants, toxic species, protected species and even the biological impurities introduced through production process, could be achieved by selecting appropriate DNA biomarkers, as well as applying large-scale sequence comparison and data mining. By this approach, it is prospective to offer an evaluation basis for the effectiveness, safety and legality of TCM preparations.
Biological Products ; chemistry ; Data Mining ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Metagenomics ; methods

Acupuncture Analgesia ; Animals ; Central Nervous System ; metabolism ; Electroacupuncture ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Pain Threshold ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of sacral nerve root electrostimulation (SNS) on the colon function and its mechanisms in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI).

METHODSOne hundred and four Wistar rats were divided into three groups: A, B and C. A group ( n = 24) was divided into three subgroups (n = 8) for studying the bioelectricity: Normal group (NG), SCI group (SCI) and SCI group with SNS(SNS); B group( n = 24) was divided into three subgroups( n = 8) for studying the colon motility: NG, SCI and SNS. C group( n = 56) were divided into three groups for studying the change of morphology and neurotransmitters(SP and VIP): NG (n = 8), SCI (n = 24), and SNS (n = 24) . In SCI and SNS, included of three subgroups: 24, 48, 72 h after spinal cord injury (n = 8).

RESULTSIn SCI group, the activity of bioelectricity in proximal and distal colon was reduced; the colon motility was lessened, and colon mucosa appeared different degree of damage; cell-cell connections between intestinal epithelial cells were destroyed. The expressions of substance P(SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in colon were decreased obviously. SNS was found to activate the bioelectricity, promote the colon motility, improve the intestinal mucosal, and increase the expressions of SP and VIP. Conclusion: SNS can activate the peristalsis, rehabilitate the motility of denervated colon, protection of the intestinal mechanical barrier between intestinal epithelial cells and tight junction, rebuild the colon function through activating the bioelectricity and increase the expressions of SP and VIP.

Animals ; Colon ; physiopathology ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; Epithelial Cells ; drug effects ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; Lumbosacral Region ; innervation ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; therapy ; Substance P ; metabolism ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe the ultrastructural change of the route of gut bacterial translocation in a rat with spinal cord injury (SCI).

METHODSForty Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control group and 3 SCI groups (10 in each group). The rats in the SCI groups were established SCI model at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after SCI. Small intestine mucous membrane tissue was identified and assayed by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope and immunofluorescence microscopy.

RESULTSSmall intestine mucous membrane tissue in control group was not damaged significantly, but those in SCI groups were damaged significantly. Proliferation bacteria in gut lumen attached on microvilli. The extracellular bacteria torn the intestinal barrier and perforated into the small intestinal mucosal epithelial cell. The bacteria and a lot of particles of the seriously damaged region penetrated into the lymphatic system and the blood system directly. Some bacteria were internalized into the goblet cell through the apical granule. Some bacteria and particles perforated into the submucosa of the M cell running the long axis of M cells through the tight junctions. In the microcirculation of mucosa, the bacteria that had already broken through the microvilli into blood circulation swim accompanying with erythrocytes.

CONCLUSIONThe routes of bacterial translocation interact and format a vicious circle. At early step, the transcellular pathway of bacterial translocation is major. Following with the destroyed small intestine mucous, the routes of bacterial translocation through the lymphatic system and the blood system become direct pathways. The goblet cell-dendritic cell and M cell pathway also play an important role in the bacterial translocation.

Animals ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Translocation ; Epithelial Cells ; microbiology ; Goblet Cells ; microbiology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; microbiology ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Intestine, Small ; microbiology ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Microvilli ; microbiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; microbiology

Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, which is usually highly expressed in embryonic tissues and tumor tissues, but is not expressed or just lowly expressed in mature tissues. TNC is involved in various complex signaling pathways during tumor metastasis, especially through modulating FAK, RhoA, Wnt and Notch pathways by interacting with syndecan-4, integrin α5β1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As a result, TNC affects epithelial mesenchymal transition, tumor cell adhesion, proliferation and angiogenesis, which eventually enhances the invasion and metastasis ability of many tumors. Further studies have demonstrated that TNC could be used as prognosis or metastasis marker of patients with malignant tumor.
Cell Adhesion ; Humans ; Integrins ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasms ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Signal Transduction ; Tenascin ; physiology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Objectives: Observe the effects of acupuncture on obese SD rats fed by self-prescribed high calorie diet. 　Methods: The model group were male SD rats fed by self-prescribed high calorie diet, while the control group were male SD rats fed by common roughage. After acupuncture, the changes of some indexes were observed such as eating and drinking amount,body weight,length, Lee index,fattiness in groin and circumrenal areas, TG,TC,BG levels in blood etc.　 Results: The obesity was defined as the average body weight of the model group was 20% heavier than the average body weight in the control group. And the obesity ratio was 56%. The indexes were changed in different degrees with statistic significance after one period of treatment.　 Conclusions: Over-nutrition is one of the causes of obesity. Our high calorie feed for obese rat is reasonable. Acupuncture has obvious therapeutic effects for simple obesity.

Objective To construct a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) model including mandible by means of three-dimensional finite element methods and to investigate the stress distribution of the condyle during clenching of edentulous jaw with complete denture.Methods The three-dimensional model (3-DFEM) of TMJ including mandible of edentulous jaw patient was constructed by helix-CT scanned transverse sections.The stress distribution of the condyle was analyzed under load.Results The three-dimensional finite element model of TMJ including mandible of edentulous jaw was established,then loaded and calculated on the corresponding situs of posterior tooth of the model.Analytic results showed the stress on the neck of condyle obviously surpassed that on the top of condyle.The stress decreased from external to interior on anterior and posterior incline,and decreased from anterior to posterior on interior and external incline of the condyle.Compressive stress was dominant in the anterior incline and upper 12 of lateral part (near the top of the condyle),and tensile stress was dominant in the inferior 12 (near the neck),so the lateral inferior part was featured by high stress distribution.In the posterior and interior part,tensile stress occupied the upper 12 and compressive stress was main in inferior 12.Conclusion The edentulous jaw of patients had the compressive stress and tensile stress simultaneously on the whole condyle.But the stress is different in level and feature of distribution.The external anterior incline is featured by the highest stress distribution,and it is consistent with the feature of the TMJ of healthy people.