Objective To investigate the relationship between edema and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) within traumatic penumbra (TP) of rats with brain trauma.Methods Eighty-eight healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (n =11) and trauma group (n =77),according to the random number table.Trauma group were further subdivided into seven time points (1 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h and 7 d) of 11 animals each.Brain tissue samples from the moderate brain models were collected to evaluate brain edema with histological observation,blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability with semiquantitative immunohistohemical staining of IgG,and AQP4 expression with immunofluorescence and Western blotting.Results In control group pathology and IgG staining revealed no abnormalities and expression of AQP4 was few.In trauma group light edema zone was visualized at 1 h,began widening,reached the peak at 12 h [(1.589 ±0.020)mm],and then began narrowing.There were significances in width of the edematous band at each time point except for the comparison at 24 h vs.48 h and 72 h vs.7 d (P ＜ 0.05).After trauma,vasogenic edema was found in edema zone at 1 h,intracellular edema was found at 6 h,both aggravated at 12 h and alleviated slightly at 24 h,and intracellular edema predominated at 48 h.IgG showed intensively positive staining at 1,12 and 48 h,and weak staining at 6 h,24 h,72 h and 7 d.After trauma,expression of AQP4 decreased at 1 h (0.659 ± 0.021),returned slightly at 6 h (1.257 ±0.058),peaked at 12 h (2.499 ±0.136),declined again at 24 h (2.267 ± 0.068),re-raised at 72 h (2.078 ± 0.065),and returned to the baseline at 7 d (1.280 ± 0.065).There were significant differences in level of AQP4 at each time point except for the comparison at6h vs.7 d,24 h vs.72 h and 24 h vs.72 h (P＜0.05).Conclusions In the early phase vasogenic edema characterized by BBB damage is significant within TP,which leads to decreased expression of AQP4.However,the subsequent up-regulation of AQP4 results in intracellular edema,which accelerate the spreading of TP.AQP4 may involve in body's defense reaction.

Objective:The purpose of this paper is to illustrate different diseases that cause this crazy-paving pattern and to correlate the thin-section CT findings with the histopathological findings. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of our radiological computed tomography database was performed from January 2010 until December 2012,searching for patients reported to have a crazy-paving pattern on a thin-section CT of the chest. In total, 83 patients with a crazy-paving pattern were retained and reviewed. Results:The crazy-paving pattern consists of interlobular septal and intralobular interstitial thickening superimposed on an area of ground-glass attenuation on thin-section CT scans. We identified 83 cases that presented with the crazy-paving pattern, inclould infection(bacterial infection n=6,viral infection n=16,fungal infection n=1,and mixed infection n=12); ARDS n=4; acute pulmonary oedema n=3; interstitial lung disease (UIP, NSIP) n=18; adenocarcinomas n=3; lymphangitis carcinomatosis n=3;lymphoma pulmonary infiltration n=2;radiation pneumonitis n=5;sarcoidosis n=1;alveolar proteinosis n=4;alveolar hemorrhage n=4; lipid pneumonia n=1. Conclusion: The crazy-paving pattern on thin-section CT is a non-specific signs, can be seen in infections, tumor, as well as some cryptogenetic diseases. Nevertheless, familiar with these common diseases, allows us to narrow the differential diagnosis, even prompted the diagnosis of certain diseases in the appropriate clinical setting.

Objective To investigate the state of microchimerism after kidney transplantation, and to evaluate the relationship between microchimerism and long term survival of transplanted kidney. Methods Leukocytes were collected from peripheral blood of 70 female recipients having received kidneys from males for the identification of microchimerism by means of amplifying the single copied sex determine region Y gene (SRY) by nested PCR. Results Half to 10 years after renal transplantation, the positive percentage of microchimerism in 70 female patients was 58.6%(41/70). These 70 patients were categorized into three groups according to the duration after the transplantation: Group 1(n=25), 0.5 to 2 years; Group 2 (n=27), 2 to 5 years; and group 3 (n=18), over 5 years. The positive rates of microchimerism for three groups were 68%(17/25), 44.4%(11/27) and 72%(13/18), respectively. The positive rates in both group 1 and group 3 were significantly different compared with that in group 2 (P

Female ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Male ; Mycoses ; diagnosis

Objective This study was designed to explore the effect of hyperglycemia on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4 ) in renal tubular epithelial cells and its significance in diabetic nephropathy. Methods In vitro cultured renal tubular epithelial cells ( NRK-52E) were divided into LG group (cultured in 5mmol / L glucose DMEM) and HC group (cultured in 25mmol / L glucose DMEM). Cells were harvested at different time points. Immunohistochemistry, Rt-PCR, Western Blot were used to detect TLR4 protein and mRNA expression, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α from the cell culture supernatant were determined by EL1SA assay. Results After 6 hours, there was increased expression TLR4 mRNA in HC group, which appeared to be maintained for 24 hours and began to decrease after 48 hours ( P < 0.05). TLR4 protein expression increased in HC group after 24 hours, and increased even further after 48 hours. Compared with LG groups, the difference had statistical significance ( P <0.05). In HG group, IL-6 and TNF-α expression in the supernatant from the NRK-52E culture were significantly increased ( P < 0.05) , and the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α was positive correlated with the expression of TLR4 protein ( r =0.799,0.820). Conclusion High glucose triggers an increase in expression of TLR4 in NRK-52E cells, itself leading to an increase in expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6. In this way, TLR4 participates in the progress of diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To study the CT features of small hepatocellular cancer.Methods 37 patients with small hepatocellular cancer proved histopathologically underwent spiral CT examinations including plain scans and contrast-enhanced scans.The arterial phase scan,the portal phase scan and delayed phase scan started at 25th second,70th second and 5th minute respectively after injecting the contrast medium with the high pressure syringe,the velocity was 2.5 ~3 ml/s,and the dose was 1.5 ml/kg.Results 73% (27/37) of tumors showed hyperdensity in arterial phase,65%(24/37) of tumors was hypodensity and 35% (13/37) had hyperdensity during portal phase,of which eight showed hypodensity in equilibrium phase.Conclusion Spiral CT can display the features of blood supply of small hepatocellular carcinoma that is of benefit in early diagnosis.

Based on the technology of platelet proteomics, the key regulatory proteins and pathogenesis of coronary heart disease with phlegm and blood stasis syndrome were explored and analyzed. Based on the previous laboratory research, the model of coronary heart disease in mini-swine with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome was duplicated. The model was judged by the changes in blood lipid and myocardial tissue characteristics. Furthermore, the platelet proteins were studied by quantitative proteomics, and the differentially expressed proteins were screened. The critical regulatory proteins and biological pathways of coronary heart disease with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome were analyzed by bioinformatics. After ten weeks of modeling, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), triglyceride (TG), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in the model group were significantly increased, reflecting the pathological changes such as increased blood lipid, abnormal coagulation function and myocardial ischemia in the model group. In addition, compared with the sham group, there were 26 up-regulated proteins and 8 down-regulated proteins in the platelets of the model group. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, it was found that differential proteins mainly involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis, Ras protein signal transduction. Among them, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5), neuroblastoma ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) and Kirsten ratsarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) play a central role when interacting with other proteins and simultaneously participate in multiple action pathways. The results showed that LDHB, ADH5, NRAS, and KRAS may be the marker proteins in CHD with phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome by regulating glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis, Ras protein signal transduction and other biological processes.

Two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) were treated by a Pd/Fe catalyst in aqueous solutions through catalytic amination and dechlorination. Nitrochlorobenzenes are rapidly converted to form chloroanilines (CAN) first through an amination process, and then rapidly dechlorinated to become aniline (AN) and Cl(-), without the involvement of any other intermediate reaction products. The amination and dechlorination reaction are believed to take place predominantly on the surface site of the Pd/Fe catalysts. The dechlorination rate of the reductive degradation of the two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) in the presence of Pd/Fe as a catalyst was measured experimentally. In all cases, the reaction rate constants were found to increase with the decrease in the Gibbs free energy (correlation with the activation energy) of NCBs formation; the activation energy of each dechlorination reaction was measured to be 95.83 and 77.05 kJ/mol, respectively for o- and p-NCB. The results demonstrated that p-NCBs were reduced more easily than o-NCBs.
Catalysis ; Industrial Waste ; prevention & control ; Iron ; chemistry ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Metals ; chemistry ; Nitrobenzenes ; chemistry ; Palladium ; chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods ; Water ; chemistry ; Water Purification ; methods

Objective To determine the effect of aldosterone and its antagonist, spironolactone on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of normal rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK-52E) in a high glucose milieu,and to explore the mechanism of renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy (DN ) in rats involving aldosterone and spironolacton. Methods NRK-52E cells were simultaneously cultured in the serum-free Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium Dulbecco (DMEM) for 12 hours. Then the low glucose (LG) group was cultured in LG (1000 mg/L) DMEM:The high glucose (HG) group was cultured in high glucose (4 500 mg/L) DMEM. The aldosterone (Aldo) groups were cultured in high glucose DMEM with the addition of 10,50 and 100 nmol/L aldosterone respectively. The SP group was cultured in high glucose (4 500 mg/L) DMEM plus 10~(-7)mol/L spironolactone. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect E-cadherin and α smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) mRNA expression. Results RT-PCR showed that compared with the LG Group, E-cadherin mRNA expression in the HG group was significantly lower, and α-SMA mRNA expression was significantly increased(P＜0.05). E-cadherin mRNA expression in the 50 nmol/L Aldo group and 100 nmol/L Aldo group was significantly lower than that in the HG group, while the expression of α-SMA mRNA was significantly increased in the HG group(P＜0.05), with a dose-dependent relationship with aldosterone(r=-0.70,P＜0.05;r=0.67, P＜0.05). E-cadherin mRNA in the SP group was significantly higher,while α-SMA mRNA expression was lower than that in the HG group(P＜0.01). Immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that compared with the LG group, E-cadherin protein expression was significantly reduced, and α-SMA expression was significantly increased in the HG group(P＜0.01). In the 10 nmol/L Aldo, 50 nmol/L Aldo, and the 100 nmol/L Aldo groups, E-cadherin protein expression was significantly lower, and α-SMA protein expression was significantly higher than that in the HG group(P＜0.05), with a dose-dependent relationship with aldosterone(r=-0.83,P＜0.05;r=0.81, P＜0.05). In the SP group, E-cadherin protein expression was higher, and α-SMA protein level was lower than that in the HG group(P＜0.05). Conclusion Aldosterone can promote EMT of tubular epithelial cells in a high sugar milieu, leading to renal interstitial fibrosis in Diabetic nephropathy. Spironolactone can inhibit high glucose-induced renal tubular epithelial cells EMT, which may be an important mechanism for the inhibition of renal interstitial fibrosis.

Objective To assess the efficiency and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Methods Twenty-seven patients with MS or NMO were selected, and the patients were divided into 2 groups:MMF group (MMF combined with glucocorticoid treatment group, 10 cases) and glucocorticoid group (only glucocorticoid treatment group, 17 cases). There were 5 cases with MS and 5 cases with NMO in MMF group. There were 13 cases with MS and 4 cases with NMO in glucocorticoid group. The therapeutic efficacy 6 months after treatment, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) before treatment and 6 months after treatment, and annualized relapse rate (ARR) were compared; and the safety was observed. Results There was no statistical difference in efficacy rate 6 months after treatment between MMF group and glucocorticoid group: 9/10 vs. 11/17, P>0.05. The EDSS scores 6 months after treatment in MMF group and glucocorticoid group were significantly lower than those before treatment: (2.41 ± 2.05) scores vs. (3.40 ± 2.05) scores and (1.17 ± 0.92) scores vs. (2.38 ± 1.28) scores, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05), particularly for the patients with MS. The ARR 6 months after treatment in MMF group was significantly lower than that before treatment: 0 time/year vs. 0.75 times/year, and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). The difference of ARR before and after treatment in MMF group was significantly higher than that in glucocorticoid group: 0.75 times/year vs.- 0.46 times/year, and there was statistical difference (P<0.01), particularly for the patients with MS. Only 1 female patient had myalgia when taking higher dosage of MMF, and the symptom tended to relieve after the dosage was reduced. Conclusions MMF is effective in the treatment of MS and NMO. MS can improve the neurological function and reduce the recurrence of the disease;and the safety is high.