OBJECTIVE:To research the correlation between per capita disposable income,investment of pharmaceutical advertisement,people’s healthy level,pharmaceutical price and the demand of drugs in China METHODS:Based on the economical theory,the methods of the econometrics and the Eviews were adopted to establish the model of demand function RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Under the background of the non-full competition,the improvement of people’s living conditions can lead to the demand of drugs The changes of drug price have little influence on the demand of drugs

By generalizing the integrity crisis of college students,the article analyzes the causes of this phenomenon,and proposes a series of measures aiming at strengthening integrity education,establishing the favorable environment,completing the mechanism of rewards and punishments and building the credit system,in the hope of securing the deepening and full completion of good-faith education at college,both ideologically and systematically.

The coronary collateral circulation is an alternative source of blood supply to the myocardium jeopardized by failure of the original vessel to provide adequate flow. Angiogenesis growth factors induce angiogenesis to promote collateral circulation, been demonstrated in a number of different animal test and phase Ⅰ clinical experience to induce collateralization in the ischemic area and improve cardiac function. Although there are several unsolved questions, the pharmacologic use of angiogenesis growth factors will represent a viable therapeutic alternative for the patients with ischemic heart disease.

Objective To investigate the relationship between smoking and the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis among type 2 diabetics(DM-PTB).Methods A hospital-based case-control study was carried out at three hospitals in Tianjin from 2001 to 2002.87 cases of newly-diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 129 controls by frequency-matched by gander and age were recruited and interviewed.Univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was conducted.The adjusted odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval(CI) were estimated.Results Higher smoking index(OR=1.399,95%CI=1.098～1.782)?beginning smoking at younger(OR=2.028,95%CI=1.076～3.821)?large consumption of cigarets per day(OR=1.349,95%CI=1.087～1.674)?no smoking cessation after diabetes diagnosis(OR=5.327,95%CI=1.703～16.661) were significantly associated with DM-PTB after adjusted for other risk factors.Among female diabetics large consumption of cigarets per day? beginning smoking at younger higher smoking index were generally associated with increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis;while without smoking cessation after diabetes diagnosis might be risk factor among the male;higher smoking index might increase the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis among younger(youger than 60y) diabetics.Conclusion Smoking control or cessation among type 2 diabetics might decrease the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective To investigate the relationship between auxotypes,antibiotic resistance and plasmid of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Methods 83 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Chongqing during the period from January 1994 to November 1995 were examined.Results Eight auxotypes were detected in 83 strains. The prevalent auxotypes were proline requiring strains (51.8%) and nonrequiring (18.1%). The agar dilution method was performed to detect the susceptibility of 83 isolates to pencillin,tetracycline and spectinomycin, the results indicated that 15.6% of strains was penicillin resistant,70% was tetracycline resistant, 1.2% was spectinomycin resistant. Plasmid profile of 44 isolates,which was tested by rapid alkaline extraction method, showed that 70% of the strains carried 24.5 Md conjugative plasmid, 80% carried 2.6Md cryptic plasmid, 66% carried both 24.5Md and 2.6Md plasmids, and no plasmid was found in 16% of the strains. In Pro - strains both penicillin resistant strains and 24.5Md plasmid carrying strains were more common than other auxotypes (P

Nonglomerular synapses in the neuropil of the substantia gelatinosa of adult ratspinal trigeminal nucleus were subjected to electron microscopic examination. Nonglomerular synapses in the substantia gelatinosa were associated with four main types of axonal terminals. On the basis of vesicle shapes, these were classified as round vesicle, elongate vesicle, pleomorphie vesicle, and dense cored vesicle terminals. The category of round vesicle terminals could be subdivided into large round vesicle terminals and small round vesicle terminals according to their different size of synaptic vesicles. Nonglomerular synapses included four types, i. e. axodendritic, axo-axonic, dendro-dendritic and dendro-axonic synapses. Of these, the majority of synapses were axodendritie. The functional significance of the classification of these synapses and their axonal terminals had been discussed.

Large dense core vesicle in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of the rat has been observed electron microscopically. It is fixed in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide following removal of the skin of the vibrissae areas. The findings of the present study are: 1.Morphological evidence for exocytosis of large dense core vesicle from non-synaptic sites of the axonal terminal has been presented.2. The large coated vesicles equipped with central densities derived from the invagination of the plasma membrane. These observations suggest that membrane recycling occur at location in the terminal via these coated vesicles.3.Some large dense core vesicles may also form the tubular structures which may represent smooth endoplasmic reticulum containing dense material. This study supports the hypothesis that release of the transmitter of the great dense core vesicles occur at nonsynaptic sites by exocytosis.

Objective To study the mechanism of haze formation after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Methods 27 adult New Zealand white rabbits were employed in this study.24 of them received PRK in the right eye and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the left eye at the same time and under the same condition for -10\^00D ablation at once,24hour,1 week,2 week,1month,3 month,6 month and 12 month after surgery,the corneas were examined periodically by slip\|lamp microscopy for haze formation,and the both eyes of 3 rabbits were enucleated,the corneas were studies with light microscopy;transmission electron microscopy;immunohistochemical evaluation for extracellular matrix,including collagen type Ⅰ,type Ⅲ,type Ⅵ,cellular fibronection,tenascin and laminin;RT\|PCR detection for mRAN of collagen type Ⅰ. Results The incidence of haze was 100% after PRK.No haze formation after LASIK.Haze was located at the anterior stroma immediately adjacent to the ablated areas.The change of structure and composition which correlated with haze formation was due to a combination of the following factors:the basement membrane of corneal epithelium was discontinuous;A new layer of subepithelium tissue was synthesized;fibroblast was increased in number and activated;the collagen fibrils were disorganized.The diameter of fibrils and the space between the fibrils were irregular in the anterior stroma;The newly synthesized extracellular matrix inculding collagen type Ⅰ,type Ⅲ,type Ⅵ,cellular fibronection,tenascin and laminin were deposited in the anterior corneal stroma.Conclusion\ The formation and disappearing of haze was the result of interreaction between fibroblast and extracellular matrix.The destruction of basement membrane of corneal epithelium and Bowmen's member after PRK is initializing factor during haze formation.\;[

Heart failure(HF)is the end stage of many cardiovascular diseases. Both the neurohumor overactivation and ventricular remodeling are the critical pathophy-siological processes of HF. It has been demonstrated that the serum level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is elevated obviously in HF patients. As a circulatory hormone,BNP is mainly produced in cardiac ventricle. Through the natriuretic receptor(NPR)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP)pathway, BNP performs the properties of natriuresis,diuresis, vasodilatation,enhancing vagal reflex and inhibiting sympathetic activity, which can improve the hemodynamic of HF without activation of plasma renin. It has been reported that BNP has effects of antihypertrophic and antifibrotic and plays a role in the antiventricular remodeling. In a word, BNP plays an important role of cardioprotection in the development and prognosis of HF though the local autocrine and/orparacrine ways.

Acupressure ; Acupuncture Points ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enuresis ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Treatment Outcome ; Urination