The contentofthe pharmacology is huge and full of variety of drugs,therefore,easy to confuse,besides,it's difficult to understand the abstract mechanism.This article describes the pharmacology teaching methods such as disease example,comparison,practice and so on.These methods stimulate students'interest in studying and learning initiative as well as train students'abilities to discover,analyze and solce problems,and at last have achieved good teaching effects.

Objective To assess the ability of the new software SonoAVC to measure follicular volume and to compare these volume calculations with those made by conventional methods. Methods Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was used to acquire volumetric data from the ovaries of 50 women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation as part of in-vitro fertilization treatment. SonoAVC was used to automatically measure the volume of follicles and virtual organ computer-aided analysis(VOCAL) was also applied to measure volume, which was used as the standard of volume measurement. And the three perpendicular diameters (xyz diameters) of follicles were manually measured by conventional two-dimensional(2D) ultrasound, which were used to estimate volume using the sphere formula. And the validity of each technique was compared using limits of agreement. Results One hundred and seventy-six follicles were studied. SonoAVC and VOCAL provided highly accurate and repeatable follicular volume measurements in all cases. Volumes estimated from manually derived follicular diameter measurements were less accurate and repeatable. VOCAL took more time in follicular volume of measurement than SonoAVC and conventional 2D displays. Conclusions SonoAVC provides highly accurate, repeatable,and efficient measurements of follicular volume.

The mechanism of carcinoma occurrence is of multiform. One of the scheduled multi modality treatment is hyperthermia. Result of research indicates that hyperthermia can kills the tumor cells by affecting carcinogens, tumor suppressors and immunity. This review presents the current knowledge of hyperthermia on mechanism of therapeutic effects and the application in the treatment.

Background Blepharitis is an induce factor for multiple ocular surface diseases.Research showed that bacteria play an important role in the pathogenesis of blepharitis.To make sure the pathogenic bacteria and effective antimicrobial agents are of clinical significance for the prevention and treatment of blepharitis.Objective The purpose of this study was 1o investigate the bacterial isolates of conjunctival sac secretion and meibomian secretion in the patients with blepharitis and study their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility.Methods Forty-five patients with anterior blepharitis and 45 cases with posterior blepharitis were included in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from December 2006 to December 2012,and 45 patients for laser in situ keratomileusis were enrolled in the same period as control group.The secretions of the conjunctival sac and meibomian were collected with sterile cotton swab,and bacterial isolates were cultured in bouillon culture-medium.The number of eyes with different bacteria was examined and calculated.Then the bacteria were switched to blood agar plates,and antimicrobial susceptibility test to erythromycin,gentamicin,tobramycin,rifampin,levofloxacin were performed by M ueller Hinton (M-H) medium paper method.Results The total germiculture positive rates were 81.1％,76.1％ and 65.0％ in the anterior blepharitis group,posterior blepharitis group and the control group,showing a significant difference among them (x2 =12.80,P=0.00).The germiculture positive rates in meibomian secretion were 84.4％ and 78.8％ in the anterior blepharitis group and the posterior blepharitis group,which were significantly higher than 67.8％ in the control group (x2=7.30,P =0.03).There was no statistically significant difference in the germiculture positive rate of conjunctival sac section among the three groups (77.8％,73.3％ and 62.2％) (x2 =5.60,P=0.06).The main bacteria in conjunctival sac secretion and meibomian secretion were staphylococcus epidermidis,staphylococcus aureus and corynebacterium in all the subjects,but streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative bacillus were not detected in the control group.Staphylococcus showed the highest susceptibility to gentamicin,tobramycin and rifampicin,with the sensitive rate ＞70％.Corynebacterium was susceptible to various drugs.Streptococcus pneumoniae had susceptibility to erythromycin and tobramycin.However,Gram-negative bacillus was not susceptible to all the drugs above.Conclusions Bacteria participate in the pathogenesis of blepharitis,but the germiculture positive rate,bacterial species and drug susceptibility of bacteria are obviously different between patients with blepharitis and normal population.Reasonable application of antimicrobial agents is important to blepharitis.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration is also known as wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) , which is now one of potentially blinding diseases in elder population worldwide.The application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs is becoming the first-line therapy for wAMD at present.However, during the long-term follow up, we find that the vision of some patients dose not improve even falls after treatment, or the vision is unable to keep for a long term after its improvement.Hence,to find the key factors that affect the therapeutical effect is the focus issue nowadays.There are many factors that affect wAMD curative effect,including the limitation of drug itself, the personal conditions of the patients, the features of the choriodal neovascularization (CNV) , the formulation and implementation of the treatment regimen, etc.Imaging features of CNV and treatment timing can serve as the available indexs to analyze the prognosis.In addition,reasonable and optimized managing regimens for wAMD probably is an approach to improve the treating effect.Understanding of the factors that affect curative effect of wAMD is benefit for us to setup the individualized therapy and achieve the best vision.Ophthalmologists should fully recognize the importance of wAMD individualized treatment and management.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common reason for visual impairment in diabetic eye diseases.DME is easy to relapse and the treatment outcome is beyond satisfied.Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has been proposed to be a first-line or key treatment regimen in the management guideline for DME.However,in clinical practice,there still are many ambiguous and controversial views in the choice and implement of different managing paradigms,including the therapeutical goal,the assessment of treatment effectiveness,the explanation of the guidelines,the regimen of anti-VEGF therapy,the value evaluation of laser photocoagulation,the use of steroids and the management of recurrent DME.Recently,the researches of treating drugs for DME are developing and making a great progress,so eye doctors should track the research results,improve the therapeutical regimen,fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of different treating methods and standardize the treatment process in order to release the best treatment effects on DME.

Objective To validate scientificalness,practicability and useful values in medical care of Zhang-Lu index(ZLI).Me-(thods) ZLI=weight(g)+250/height(cm)?head circumference(cm)?2 was computed and compared with the conventional body weight for gestational age based data of body height,body weight and head circumference measured from 858 neonates in Benxi.Results The ZLI of the first 3 days of fullterm appropriate for gestational age(AGA) was higher than reference from national neonatal physical growth science research association.The difference was significantly(P

60 mm Hg (PP1 group) or 40 mm Hg≤PP≤60 mm Hg (PP2 group),1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa.Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,the serum and urine ?_2-MG,urine mAlb,blood BUN and Cr were measured in both groups,the blood pressure,serum and urine ?_2-MG,urine mAlb,blood BUN and Cr were compared between two groups. Results Compared with PP2 group,the PP1 group showed higher levels of renal function indexes. Conclusion Renal damage is related with pulse pressure in senile essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Methyl cobalamin, a derivative of vitamin B12, .can promote the metabolism of nucleic acid protein, axoplasmic transport and axonal regeneration.OBJECTIVE: To observe the role of target muscular injection of methyl cobalamin ofdifferent dosages in the regeneration of peripheral nerve injury in rats.DESIGN: A randomized and controlled animal experiment.SETTING: Changzhou Second People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in March 2003. Thirty healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with 10 rats in each group: high-dosage group, low-dosage group and blank control group.METHODS: All the rats were made into models of sciatic nerve injury by epineural suture immediately after transection of left sciatic nerve. Rats in high- and low- dosage groups were injected with methyl cobalamin of 300and 100 μg/kg per day respectively, and those in blank control group were injected with 1 mL normal saline of the same volume, and target muscular injection was given once a day postoperatively. At postoperative 4 and 8weeks, 5 rats were killed at one time; the wet mass of left triceps surae muscle was measured. Morphological observation of sciatic nerve under light and electron microscopes and imaging analysis were made as the detected indexes to analyze the effect of methyl cobalamin of different dosages on sciatic nerve injury in rats.sciatic nerve myelin sheath at postoperative week 8.parison of the wet mass of triceps surae muscle at postoperative 4 weeks: It was higher in high-dosage group than in low-dosage group and blank control group [(1.367±0.012) g, (1.164±0.011) g, (0.950±0.009) g, P ＜ 0.05].week 8: It washigher in high-dosage group than in low-dosage group and blank control group [(2.205±0.015), (1.611±0.013), (1.230±0.014) g, P ＜ 0.05].weeks postoperatively: It was obviously higher in high-dosage group than in low-dosage group and blank control group [(13.30±1.167), (9.453±1.233),atic nerve myelin sheath at 8 weeks postoperatively: It was thicker in highdosage group than in low-dosage group and blank control group [(1.145±0.108),(0.806±0.065), (0.560±0.045) mm, P ＜ 0.05].CONCLUSION: Target muscular injection of methyl cobalamin can promote the regeneration of peripheral nerve, and methyl cobalamin of high dosage can better play its role in nourishing injured nerve.

The mortality of septic shock has been reported high.Glucosteroid is widely used in patients with septic shock as one of the assistant therapies of septic shock.However the applied patients,the using time,the duration and the dose of glucosteroid remain controversial.Recently it is recommended using small dose in septic shock according to results of large scale clinical trials.We will review the studies of glucosteroid in septic shock in recent years here.