Isovalerylspiramycin (ISP)Ⅰ, as a major component of bitespiramycin (BT), exhibits similar antimicrobial activities with BT and has advantages in quality control and dosage forms. It has been under preclinical studies. The existing ISPⅠ producing strain, undergoing three genetic modifications, carries two resistant gene markers. Thus, it is hard for further genetic manipulation. It is a time-consuming and unsuccessful work to construct a new ISPⅠ strain without resistant gene marker by means of the classical homologous recombination in our preliminary experiments. Fortunately, construction of the markerless ISPⅠ strain, in which the bsm4 (responsible for acylation at 3 of spiramycin) gene was replaced by the Isovaleryltansferase gene (ist) under control of the constitutive promoter ermEp*, was efficiently achieved by using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. The mutant of bsm4 deletion can only produce SPⅠ. Isovaleryltransferase coded by ist catalyzes the isovalerylation of the SPⅠat C-4" hydroxyl group to produce ISPⅠ. As anticipated, ISPⅠ was the sole ISP component of the resultant strain (ΔEI) when detected by HPLC and mass spectrometry. The ΔEI mutant is suitable for further genetic engineering to obtain improved strains by reusing CRISPR-Cas9 system.
CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Gene Editing ; Genetic Engineering ; Homologous Recombination

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is characterized by early onset of recurrent bacterial infection, markedly reduced levels of all major classes of immunoglobulins in the serum and few mature B cells in the blood. XLA is known to be associated with mutations in Bruton's tyrosin kinase (Btk). The Btk protein consists of 5 functional domains; the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, the Tec homology (TH) domain, the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, the SH2 domain, and the kinase (SH1) domain. Mutations in all domains of the Btk gene have been shown to cause XLA. The large number of Alu elements within the human genome provides abundant opportunities for unequal homologous recombination events between Alu repeats, resulting in human disease. We present a case of XLA with deletion of introns 15-18 of Btk gene which were mediated by an Alu-Alu recombination event.
Agammaglobulinemia* ; Alu Elements ; B-Lymphocytes ; Bacterial Infections ; Genome, Human ; Homologous Recombination ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Introns* ; Phosphotransferases ; Recombination, Genetic* ; src Homology Domains

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is characterized by early onset of recurrent bacterial infection, markedly reduced levels of all major classes of immunoglobulins in the serum and few mature B cells in the blood. XLA is known to be associated with mutations in Bruton's tyrosin kinase (Btk). The Btk protein consists of 5 functional domains; the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, the Tec homology (TH) domain, the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, the SH2 domain, and the kinase (SH1) domain. Mutations in all domains of the Btk gene have been shown to cause XLA. The large number of Alu elements within the human genome provides abundant opportunities for unequal homologous recombination events between Alu repeats, resulting in human disease. We present a case of XLA with deletion of introns 15-18 of Btk gene which were mediated by an Alu-Alu recombination event.
Agammaglobulinemia* ; Alu Elements ; B-Lymphocytes ; Bacterial Infections ; Genome, Human ; Homologous Recombination ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Introns* ; Phosphotransferases ; Recombination, Genetic* ; src Homology Domains

Foldback intercoil (FBI) DNA is formed by the folding back at one point of a non-helical parallel track of double-stranded DNA at as sharp as 180degrees and the intertwining of two double helixes within each other's major groove to form an intercoil with a diameter of 2.2 nm. FBI DNA has been suggested to mediate intra-molecular homologous recombination of a deletion and inversion. Inter-molecular homologous recombination, known as site-specific insertion, on the other hand, is mediated by the direct perpendicular approach of the FBI DNA tip, as the attP site, onto the target DNA, as the attB site. Transposition of DNA transposons involves the pairing of terminal inverted repeats and 5-7-bp tandem target duplication. FBI DNA configuration effectively explains simple as well as replicative transposition, along with the involvement of an enhancer element. The majority of diverse retrotransposable elements that employ a target site duplication mechanism is also suggested to follow the FBI DNA-mediated perpendicular insertion of the paired intercoil ends by non-homologous end-joining, together with gap filling. A genome-wide perspective of transposable elements in light of FBI DNA is discussed.
DNA End-Joining Repair ; DNA Transposable Elements ; DNA* ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Hand ; Homologous Recombination ; Retroelements

Breast carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease that has exhibited rapid resistance to treatment in the last decade. Depending genotype and phenotype of breast cancer, there are discernible differences in DNA repair protein responses including DNA double strand break repair. It is a fact that different molecular sub-types of breast carcinoma activate these dedicated protein pathways in a distinct manner. The DNA double-strand damage repair machinery is manipulated by breast carcinoma to selectively repair the damage or insults inflicted by the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The two DNA double-strand break repair pathways employed by breast carcinoma are homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. In recent decades, therapeutic interventions targeting one or more factors involved in repairing DNA double-strand breaks inflicted by chemo/radiation therapy have been widely studied. Herein, this review paper summarizes the recent evidence and ongoing clinical trials citing potential therapeutic combinatorial interventions targeting DNA double-strand break repair pathways in breast carcinoma.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; DNA Repair ; DNA* ; Drug Therapy ; Genotype ; Homologous Recombination ; Phenotype ; Radiotherapy

EphA/ephrin-A mediated signaling has emerged as a key mechanism regulating axon guidance and topographic mapping, particularly in the well-characterized visual system from the retina to the superior colliculus (SC). In this study, EphA8 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) was manipulated to contain a floxed eGFP and human ephrin-A5 expression cassette using homologous recombination method. In the mice containing the recombinant BAC, it was shown that GFP is expressed in an anterior>posterior gradient in the SC. Furthermore, when these mice were crossed with the transgenic mice expressing Cre under the EphA8 promoter, it was evident that a GFP expression cassette was eliminated, and that human ephrin-A5 was ectopically expressed in the anterior region of the SC. This transgenic model would be useful to analyze the role of ephrin-A5 in the SC during the retinocollicular topography formation.
Animals ; Axons ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Ephrin-A5 ; Homologous Recombination ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Retina ; Superior Colliculi

We developed a method to construct a gene mutant pool in Pichia pastoris based on in vivo homologous recombination. It was an absolute PCR-dependent method (PDM) and could avoid the disadvantages of traditional mutant pool construction process such as long-experimental period, low pool capacity and inadequate abundance. The method consisted of four steps: (1) construction of recombinant expression plasmid of target gene; (2) design of long primers that have 40-70 bp of homology to expression vector fragments at both ends and amplification of target gene by error-prone PCR, DNA Shuffling or other methods; (3) PCR amplification of expression vectors fragments; (4) mixture of gene and vectors by appropriate mole ratio, electroporation, formation of expression cassette in vivo, homologous recombination with host genome and achievement of mutant pool. Screening from this library, we obtained mutants with improved enzyme activity, protein expression level and thermostability. In conclusion, PDM was very efficient and convenient with advantages of shortened pool construction cycle from 2 weeks to 3 days, enlarged pool capacity from the original 10(3)-10(4) to more than 10(5), with a positive rate of more than 95%.
Gene Library ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Homologous Recombination ; genetics ; Mutation ; Pichia ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods

We have previously isolated epsilon-COP, the alpha-COP interactor in COPI of Aspergillus nidulans, by yeast two-hybrid screening. To understand the function of epsilon-COP, the aneA+ gene for epsilon-COP/AneA was deleted by homologous recombination using a gene-specific disruption cassette. Deletion of the epsilon-COP gene showed no detectable changes in vegetative growth or asexual development, but resulted in decrease in the production of the fruiting body, cleistothecium, under conditions favorable for sexual development. Unlike in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in A. nidulans, over-expression of epsilon-COP did not rescue the thermo-sensitive growth defect of the alpha-COP mutant at 42degrees C. Together, these data show that epsilon-COP is not essential for viability, but it plays a role in fruiting body formation in A. nidulans.
Aspergillus nidulans* ; Coatomer Protein* ; Fruit ; Homologous Recombination ; Mass Screening ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomycetales ; Sexual Development ; Yeasts

Gene editing technology can be used to modify the genome of Escherichia coli for the investigation of gene functions, or to change the metabolic pathways for the efficient production of high-value products in engineered strains with genetic stability. A variety of gene editing technologies have been applied in prokaryotes, such as λ-Red homologous recombination and CRISPR/Cas9. As a traditional gene editing technique, λ-Red recombination is widely used. However, it has a few shortcomings, such as the limited integration efficiency by the integrated fragment size, the cumbersome gene editing process, and the FRT scar in the genome after recombination. CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used for genome editing at specific sites, which requires specific DNA segments according to the editing site. As the understanding of the two technologies deepens, a variety of composite gene editing techniques have been developed, such as the application of λ-Red homologous recombination in combination with homing endonucleaseⅠ-SceⅠ or CRISPR/Cas9. In this review, we summarized the basic principles of common gene editing techniques and composite gene editing techniques, as well as their applications in Escherichia coli, which can provide a basis for the selection of gene editing methods in prokaryotes.
CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Gene Editing ; Homologous Recombination ; Technology

During the gene editing process mediated by CRISPR/Cas9, precise genome editing and gene knock-in can be achieved by the homologous recombination of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) donor template. However, the low-efficiency of homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells hampers the development and application of this gene editing strategy. Here, we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI donor adapting system (DAS) to enhance the dsDNA-templated gene editing, taking the advantage of the specific binding of the LacI repressor protein and the LacO operator sequence derived for the Escherichia coli lactose operon. The codon-humanized LacI gene was fused as an adaptor to the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and Staphylococcus lugdunensis Cas9 (SlugCas9-HF) genes, and the LacO operator sequence was used as the aptamer and linked to the dsDNA donor template by PCR. The Cas9 nuclease activity after the fusion and the homology-directed repair (HDR) efficiency of the LacO-linked dsDNA template were firstly examined using surrogate reporter assays with the corresponding reporter vectors. The CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI DASs mediated genome precise editing were further checked, and we achieved a high efficiency up to 30.5% of precise editing at the VEGFA locus in HEK293T cells by using the CRISPR/SlugCas9-hLacI DAS. In summary, we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI DAS for dsDNA-templated gene editing, which enriches the CRISPR/Cas9-derived gene editing techniques and provides a novel tool for animal molecular design breeding researches.
Humans ; Animals ; Gene Editing ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; HEK293 Cells ; Homologous Recombination ; DNA